第41章

however，toucheswiderandwidercirclesofthepopulation，andtouchestheminanincreasinglyintimateandcoercivemanner。Inthenatureofthecase，therefore，theresistanceopposedtothisculturaltrendgivenbythemachinedisciplineongroundsofreceivedconventionsweakenswiththepassageoftime。Thespreadofmaterialistic，matter-of-factpreconceptionstakesplaceatacumulativelyacceleratingrate，exceptinsofarassomeotherculturalfactor，alientothemachinediscipline，comesintoinhibititsspreadandkeepitsdisintegratinginfluencewithinbounds。

Theperfectedsystemofbusinessprinciplesrestsonthehistoricalbasisoffreeinstitutions，andsopresumesaprotractedhistoricalgrowthoftheseinstitutions；butahighlyefficient，thoughlessperfect，businesssystemwasworkedoutinarelativelyshorttimebytheSouthandCentralEuropeanpeoplesinearlymoderntimesonthebasisofalessconsummatesystemofrights-Cf。Ehrenberg，ZeitalterderFugger；Sombart，Kapitalismus，vol。

Cf。Keane，Man，PastandPresent，ch。XIV；W。Z。Ripley，RacesofEurope；Lapouge，L’Aryen；Montelius，LestempsprehistoriquesenBubde，etc。；AndreasHansen，MenneskesloegtensAelde。

If，e。g。，hetakestomythmakingandpersonifiesthemachineortheprocessandimputesandbenevolencetothemechanicalapplications，afterthemannerofcurrentnurserytalesandpulpitoratory，heissuretogowrong。

Suchexpressionsas“goodandill，““meritanddemerit，““lawandorder，“whenappliedtotechnologicalfactsortotheoutcomeofmaterialseience，areevidentlyonlymetaphoricalexpressions，borrowedfromolderusageandserviceableonlyasfiguresofspeech。

Tarde，PsychologicEconomique，vol。I。pp。122-131，offersacharacterizationofthepsychologyofmodernwork，contrasting，amongotherthings，theworkofthemachineworkmanwiththatofthehandicraftsmaninrespectofitspsychologicalrequirementsandeffects。Itmaybetakenasatemperateformulationofthecentcommonplacesonthistopic，andseemstobefairlywideofthemark。

Forsomethingmorethanahundredyearspastthischangeinthehabitsofthoughtoftheworkmanhasbeencommonlyspokenofasadeteriorationornumbingofhisintelligence。Butthatseemstoosweepingacharacterizationofthechangebroughtonbyhabituationtomachinework。Itissafetosaythatsuchhabituationbringsachangeintheworkman’shabitsofthought，-

inthedirection，method，andcontentofhisthinking，-

heighteninghisintelligenceforsomepurposesandloweringitforcertainothers。Nodoubt，onthewhole，themachine’sdisciplinelowerstheintelligenceoftheworkmanforsuchpurposesaswereratedhighasmarksofintelligencebeforethecomingofthemachine，butitappearslikewisetoheightenhisintelligenceforsuchpurposesashavebeenbroughttothefrontbythemachine。Ifheisbynaturescantilyendowedwiththeaptitudesthatwouldmakehimthinkeffectivelyintermsofthemachineprocess，ifhehasintellectualcapacityforotherthingsandnotforthis，thentheminingofthemachinemayfairlybesaidtolowerhisintelligence，sinceithidersthefulldevelopmentoftheonlycapacitiesofwhichheispossessed。Theresultingdifferenceinintellectualtrainingisadifferenceinkindanddirection，notnecessarilyindegree。Cf。Schmoller，GrundrissderVolkswirtschaftslehre，vol。I。secs。

Hobson，EvolutionofModernCapitalism，ch。IX。secs。4and5；

CookeTaylor，ModernFactorySystem，pp。434-435；SidneyandBeatriceWebb，IndustrialDemocrocy，e。g。pp。327etseq。；K。Th。

Reinhold，ArbeitundWerkzeug，ch。X。(particularlyp

andch。XI(particularlypp。221-240)。

Cf。J。C。Sutherland，“TheEngineeringMind“PopularScienceMonthly，January

Cf。“IndustrialandPecuniaryEmployments“especiallypp。

AsG。F。Steffenhasdescribedit:“Thosewhohireouttheirlaborpowerortheircapitalortheirlandtotheentrepreneursareasarulenotabsolutelypassiveasseenfromthepointofviewofbusinessenterprise。Theyarenotsimplyinanimateimplementsinthehandsoftheentrepreneurs。Theyare，enterprisingimplements，(foretagaadeverktyg)whosurrendertheirundertakingfunctionsonlytotheextentdesignatedinthecontractwiththeentrepreneur。“-EkonomiskTidskrift，vol。

Cf。，ontheotherhand，Rei

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