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Ofcourse，nothingbutthemostmeagreandsketchiestoutlineofthismatterispracticableinthisplace，andeventhatonlyinitsrelationtothemachineindustryduringthepastonehundredyearsorso。WhatissaidaboveoftheBritishleadinmodernsciencemayperhapsbequestioned，anditisnotnecessaryforthepresentpurposetoinsistonitstruth；butsomuchseemsbeyondhazardasthattheleadinthematerialscienceslaywiththeBritishthroughtheearlymachineage，andthattheprovenanceofthismodernscientificresearchto-daydoesnotextend，inanypronounceddegree，beyondthosecommunitiesthatliewithintheareaofthemodernmachineindustry。
Intimeandspacetheprevalenceofthemodernmaterialisticscienceisroughlyextensivewiththatofthemachineprocess。Itis，nodoubt，relatedtoitbothascauseandaseffect；butthatitsrelationtomodernindustryismorethatofeffectthancauseseemsatleastbroadlysuggestedbythedecaywhichpresentlyovertookscientificresearch，e。g。，inthesouthofEuropewhenthosepeoplesturnedtheirattentionfrommaterialtospiritualandpoliticalaffairs。(28*)
Whatisofimmediateinterestisthechangethathascomeoverthescopeandmethodofscientificresearchsincethedominanceofthemachineprocess，incomparisonwithwhatprecededthecomingofthemachineage。Thebeginningsofmodernscienceareolderthantheindustrialrevolution；theprinciplesofscientificresearch(causalexplanationandexactmeasurement)
antedatetheregimeofthemachineprocess。Butachangehastakenplaceinthepostulatesandanimusofscientificresearchsincemodernsciencefirstbegan，andthischangeinthepostulatesofscientificknowledgeisrelatedtothegrowthofthemachinetechnology。
ItisunnecessaryheretoharkbacktothatscholasticscienceorphilosophythatservedasanintellectualexpressionoftheecclesiasticalandpoliticalcultureoftheMiddleAges。
Itscharacter，ascomparedwithlaterscience，issufficientlynotorious。Bythechangefromscholasticknowledgetomodernscience，totheextenttowhichthechangewascarriedthrough，theprinciple(habitofmind)ofadequatecausewassubstitutedforthatofsufficientreason。Thelawofcausationasitisfoundatwork，inthematurerscienceoftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies，comprisestwodistinguishablepostulates:
(1)equality(quantitativeequivalence)ofcauseandeffect；and(2)similarity(qualitativeequivalence)ofcauseandeffect。Theformermay，withoutforcingit，bereferredtocommercialaccountancyasitsanalogueinpracticallifeandastheprobableculturalgroundoutofwhichthehabitofinsistingonaninviolablequantitativeequivalencegatheredconsistency。Theascendancyofthelatterseemsinasimilarmannertobereferabletotheprevalenceofhandicraftasitsculturalground。
Statednegatively，itassertsthatnothingappearsintheeffectbutwhatwascontainedinthecause，inamannerwhichsuggeststherulethatnothingappearsintheproductofhandicraftbutwhatwaspresentintheskilloftheartificer。“Naturalcauses，“
whicharemademuchofinthismiddleperiodofmodernscience，areconceivedtoworkaccordingtocertain“naturallaws。“Thesenaturallaws，lawsofthe“normalcourse“ofthings，arefelttotendtoarationalendandtohavesomethingofacoerciveforce。
SothatNaturemakesnomistakes，Naturedoesnothinginvain，Naturetakesthemosteconomicalcoursetoitsend，Naturemakesnojumps，etc。Underthislawofnaturalcausationeveryeffectmusthaveacausewhichresemblesitintheparticularrespectwhichclaimstheinquirer’sattention。Amongotherconsequencesofthisviewitfollowsthat，sincethedetailsaswellasthewholeofthematerialuniverseareconstruedtoshowadaptationtoapreconceivedend，this“naturalorder“ofthingsmustbetheoutcomeofpreexistentdesignresidinginthe“firstcause，“
whichispostulatedbyvirtueofthisimputeddesignandisdesignatedthe“GreatArtificer。“Thereisanelementofconationinthisoriginalmodernpostulateofcauseandeffect。Theshadowoftheartificer，withhisintelligenceandmanualskill，isforeverinthebackgroundoftheconceptsofnaturallaw。The“cause“dealtwithinagivencaseisnotthoughtofasaneffect；andtheeffectistreatedasafinality，notasaphaseofacomplexsequenceofcausation。Whensuchasequenceisunderinquiry；asintheearlier，pre-Darwiniantheoriesofevolution，itisnothandledasacumulativesequencewhosecharacterma
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