下载辰思小说免费APP
Incomparingthedecisionsofthehighercourtswiththoseofthelowertheycontrastmostsignallywiththedecisionsrenderedbyjuriesinthelowertribunals。Whilethiscontrasthasasignificanceinanotherconnection，itcastsnoshadowonthelegalityofthedecisionsofthecourtsofhigherinstance。Thejuries，ingreatmeasure，speakforthestrainedsympathiesofthevulgar，whichareamattersomewhatapartfromthefoundationsoflawandorder。(9*)
Popularsentiment，then，doesnotatalluniformlybearoutthesedecisionsofthecourtsindisputesbetweenpropertyrightsandnakedmankind，especiallynotinthemorerigorousenforcementoftheprincipleoffreecontract。Thisdiscrepancyservestoshowthatthevulgar，thelaity，fromwhosenumbersthejuriesaredrawn，havenotanadequatesenseoftheprinciplesthatlieattherootofthelaw；whichmaybedueinparttotheirnotrealizinghowessentialafoundationoflaw，order，andcommonwelfaretheseprinciplesofnaturallibertyare。Thevisibledisparityinthedistributionofpropertymaymakethoseclasseswhohavelittlepropertyenviousofthewealthymembers，andsomakethemloseinterestinthemaintenanceoftherightsofproperty。Butapartfromthis，thedisciplineofdailylife，fromwhichthecommon-sensenotionsofthevulgarareingoodpartderived，isnolongerinfullaccordwiththenatural-rightsconceptionshandeddownfromtheeighteenthcentury。Inotherwords，theconceptionsofnaturalrightsonwhichthecommonlawrestsembodyatechnicallycompetentformulationofthedeliverancesofthatbodyofcommonsensewhichwasinculcatedbythedisciplineofeverydaylifeintheeighteenthcentury，beforetheadventofthecurrentsituation；whereasthedisciplineofeverydaylifeunderthecurrenttechnologicalandbusinesssituationinculcatesabodyofcommon-senseviewssomewhatatvariancewiththereceivednatural-rightsnotions。
Thereisapparentlysomethingofadivergencebetweenthereceivednotionsonthisheadandthedeliverancesoflatter-daycommonsense。Thedivergenceisneitherwelldefinednorconsistent。Thelatter-dayattitudetowardquestionsofthekindinvolvedisvague，chieflynegativeorcritical，andapparentlyfluctuating；butafterallthereisasomewhatpersistentdivergence，whichmayevenbesaidtohaveasystematiccharacter，sofarasitgoes。Itrunsinthedirectionofa(partialandvacillating)disavowalordistrustofthemetaphysicsoffreecontract，andevenofnaturallibertygenerally。Thisuncertaintyofallegiancetothereceivedfoundationsoflawandorderprevailsinunequaldegreesamongthevariousclassesofthecommunity，beingapparentlylargestandmostoutspokenamongtheworkmenoftheindustrialtowns，andbeing，onthewhole，lessnoticeableamongthepropertiedandprofessionalclassesandtheruralpopulation。Thepeculiarclassdistributionofthisdisintegrationofreceivedconvictions，aswellasitsconnectionwithmodernindustrialconditions，willbetakenupagainpresentlyinanotherconnection。
Thestate，thatistosay，thegovernment，wasonceanorganizationforthecontrolofaffairsintheinterestofprincelyordynasticends。Ininternalaffairsstatecraftwasoccupiedwithquestionsofthedynasticsuccession，theendeavorsandintriguesofthepoliticalmagnates，fiscaladministrationdirectedtofindingadequatesupportfortheprincelypower，andthelike。Inexternalpoliticstheobjectiveendwasdynasticprestigeandsecurity，militarysuccess，andthelike。Suchisstillinparttheendofpoliticalendeavorinthosecountries，as，e。g。，Germany，Austria，orItaly，wherethetransitiontoaconstitutionalgovernmenthasnotbeencompleted。Butsincetheadventofconstitutionalgovernmentandparliamentaryrepresentation，businessendshavetakentheleadofdynasticendsinstatecraft，verymuchinthesamemeasureasthetransitiontoconstitutionalmethodshasbeeneffectuallycarriedthrough。Aconstitutionalgovernmentisabusinessgovernment。Itisparticularlythroughthebusinessexpedientofparliamentaryvotingonthebudgetthatanyconstitutionalexecutive，e。g。，iskeptwithinconstitutionalbounds；andthebudgetisvotedwithamainviewtoits
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