下载辰思小说免费APP
LegislationandlegaldecisionsarebasedonthedogmaofNaturalLiberty。ThisispeculiarlytrueasregardstheEnglish-speakingpeoples，thefoundationofwhosejurisprudenceisthecommonlaw，anditholdstrueinanespecialdegreeofAmerica。InotherEuropeancommunitiestheswayofnaturalrightspreconceptionsisnotsounmitigated，butevenwiththemthereisavisiblygrowingpredilectionforthenatural-rightsstandpointinallmatterstouchingbusinessrelations。Thedogmaofnaturallibertyispeculiarlyconducivetoanexpeditiousbusinesstrafficandpeculiarlyconsonantwiththehabitsofthoughtwhichnecessarilyprevailinanybusinesscommunity。
Thecurrentbodyofnatural-rightspreconceptionsantedatesthemodernbusinesssituation。Theschemeofnaturalrightsgrewupandfoundsecurelodgementinthecommonsenseofthecommunity，aswellaswithitslawgiversandcourts，underthedisciplineofthesmallindustryandpettytrade(“domesticindustry“)whosedevelopmentculminatedintheeighteenthcentury。(1*)Inindustrialmatterstheefficientandautonomousfactorinthedaysofthesmallindustrywastheindividualworkman，hispersonalforce，dexterity，anddiligence；similarlyinthepettytradeoftheprecapitalisticEnglishsituationthedecisivefactorwasthediscretionandsagacityofthesmallmerchantandpettyemployer，whostoodinthedirectpersonalrelationswiththeircustomersandtheiremployees。Insofarastradeandindustrywasnotrestrainedbyconventionalregulations，statutoryorcustomary，bothtradeandindustrywasineffectanopenfieldoffreecompetition，inwhichmanmetmanonasomewhatequablefooting。Whilethecompetitorswerenotonafootingofmaterialequality，theindustrialsystemwassufficientlyloose-jointed，ofasufficientlydiffusegrowth，tomakecompetitioneffectiveintheabsenceofmandatoryrestrictions。Thelikewillholdofthebusinessorganizationassociatedwiththesmallindustry。Bothtradeandindustryweremattersofpersonalefficiencyratherthancomprehensivelyorganizedprocessesofanimpersonalcharacter。(2*)
Naturalrights，astheyfoundtheirwayintotheconceptionsoflawandequity，wereineffecttheassumedequalrightsofmensosituatedonaplaneofatleastconstructiveequalitythattheindividualsconcernedwouldbeleftinapositionofeffectivelyfreechoiceifconventionalrestrictionsweredoneaway。Theorganizationwasnot，mechanically，aclose-knitone，inthesensethattheconcatenationofindustrialprocessesorofbusinesstransactionswasnotrigorouseitherinpointoftimerelationsorofthequantityandcharacteroftheoutputorthework。Neitherweretheplace，pace，circumstances，means，orhoursofworkcloselydeterminedfortheworkmanorhisemployerbymechanicalcircumstancesoftheindustrialprocessorofthemarket。Thestandardizationoflifeundertheoldregimewasofaconventionalcharacter，notofamechanicalkindsuchasisvisibleinthemorerecentdevelopment。Andthisconventionalstandardizationwasgraduallylosingforce。
Themovementofopiniononnatural-rightsgroundconvergedtoaninsistenceonthesystemofnaturalliberty，socalled。Butthisinsistenceonnaturallibertydidnotcontemplatetheabrogationofallconventionalprescription。“Thesimpleandobvioussystemofnaturalliberty“meantfreedomfromrestraintonanyotherprescriptivegroundthanthataffordedbytherightsofownership。Initseconomicbearingthesystemofnaturallibertymeantasystemoffreepecuniarycontract。“Libertydoesnotmeanlicense；“whichineconomictermswouldbetranscribed。
“Thenaturalfreedomoftheindividualmustnottraversetheprescriptiverightsofproperty。“Propertyrightsbeingincludedamongnaturalrights，theyhadtheindefeasibilitywhichattachestonaturalrights。Naturallibertyprescribesfreedomtobuyandsell，limitedonlybytheequalfreedomofotherstobuyandsell；withtheobviouscorollarythattheremustbenointerferencewithothers’buyingandselling，exceptbymeansofbuyingandselling。
Thisprincipleofnatural(pecuniary)libertyhasfounditsmostunmitigatedacceptanceinAmerica，andhasheretakenthefirmestholdonthelegalmind。Nowhereelsehasthesacrednessofpecuniaryobligationssopermeatedthecommonsenseofthecommunity，andnowheredoespecuniaryobligationcomesonearbeingtheonlyformofobligationthathastheunqualifiedsanctionofcurrentcommonsense。Here，asnowhereelse，doobligationsandclaimsofthemostdiversekinds，domestic，social，andcivil，tendtotakethepecuniaryformandadmitofbeingfullydischargedonamonetaryvaluation。Toagreaterextentthanelsewherepublicesteemisawardedtoartists，actors，pre
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