第41章

Equallycertain，iflessfamiliar，isthefactthatintropicalclimatesdecayproceeds

muchmorerapidlythanintemperateclimates。Thus，dispersionofthedead

bodyintogasesisrapidinproportionasthemolecularmotionreceivedfrom

withoutisgreat。Thestill—quickerdecompositionsproducedbyexposureto

artificially—raisedtemperatures，affordfurtherproofs:instancethosewhich

occurincooking。Thecharredsurfacesofpartsmuchheated，showusthat

themolecularmotionabsorbedhasservedtodissipateingaseousformsalltheelementsbutthecarbon。ThenatureandcausesofDissolutionarethusclearlydisplayedbythe

aggregateswhichsoclearlydisplaythenatureandcausesofEvolution。One

oftheseaggregatesbeingmadeofthatpeculiarmattertowhichalargequantity

ofconstitutionalmotiongivesgreatplasticity，andtheabilitytoevolve

intoahighlycomplexform，（§103）;itresultsthatafterevolution

hasceased，asmallamountofmolecularmotionaddedtothatalreadycontained

initspeculiarmatter，sufficestocausedissolution。Thoughatdeaththere

isreachedanequilibriumamongthesensiblemasses，ororgans，whichmake

upthebody;yet，astheinsensibleunitsormoleculesofwhichtheseorgans

consistarechemicallyunstable，smallincidentforcessufficetooverthrowthem，andhencedisintegrationproceedsrapidly。§180。Mostinorganicaggregates，havingarrivedatdenseformsin

whichcomparativelylittlemotionisretained，remainlongwithoutmarked

changes。Eachhaslostsomuchmotioninpassingfromtheunintegratedto

theintegratedstate，thatmuchmotionmustbegiventoittocauseresumption

oftheunintegratedstate;andanimmensetimemayelapsebeforethereoccur

intheenvironment，changesgreatenoughtocommunicatetoittherequisite

quantityofmotion。Wewilllookfirstatthosefewinorganicaggregateswhichretainmuchmotion，andthereforereadilyundergodissolution。Amongthesearetheliquidsandvolatilesolidswhichdissipateunder

ordinaryconditions——waterthatevaporates，camphorthatwastesawayby

thedispersionofitsmolecules。Inallsuchcasesmotionisabsorbed;and

alwaysthedissolutionisrapidinproportionasthequantityofheator

motionwhichthemassreceivesfromitsenvironmentisgreat。Nextcomethe

casesinwhichthemoleculesofahighlyintegratedorsolidaggregate，are

dispersedamongthemoleculesofalessintegratedorliquidaggregate;as

inaqueoussolutions。Oneevidencethatthisdisintegrationofmatterhas

foritsconcomitanttheabsorptionofmotion，isthatsolublesubstances

dissolvethemorequicklythehotterthewater:supposingalwaysthatno

electiveaffinitycomesintoplay。Anotherandstillmoreconclusiveevidence

is，thatwhencrystalsofagiventemperatureareplacedinwaterofthe

sametemperature，theprocessofsolutionisaccompaniedbyafalloftemperature

——oftenaverygreatone。Omittinginstancesinwhichsomechemicalaction

takesplacebetweenthesaltandthewater，itisauniformlawthatthe

motionwhichdispersesthemoleculesofthesaltthroughthewater，isat

theexpenseofthemolecularmotionpossessedbythewater。Analliedand

stillbetterexampleisfurnishedbycasesinwhichthedissolutionoftwo

solidsresultsfrommixingthem，ashappenswithsnowandsalt。Heredissolution

necessitatessogreatanabsorptionofmolecularmotionasgreatlytolowerthetemperatureoftheliquidproduced。Massesofsedimentaccumulatedintostrata，afterwardscompressedbymany

thousandsoffeetofsuperincumbentstrata，andreducedincourseoftime

toasolidstate，mayremainforuntoldmillionsofyearsunchanged;but

insubsequentmillionsofyearstheyareinevitablyexposedtodisintegrating

actions。Raisedalongwithothersuchmassesintoacontinent，denudedand

exposedtorain，frost，andthegrindingactionsofglaciers，theyhavetheir

particlesgraduallyseparated，carriedaway，andwidelydispersed。Orwhen，

asotherwisehappens，theencroachingseaarrives，theunderminedcliffs

formedofthemfallfromtimetotime;thewaves，rollingaboutthesmall

pieces，andinstormsknockingtogetherthelargerblocks，reducethemto

bouldersandpebbles，andatlasttosandandmud。Evenifportionsofthe

disintegratedstrataaccumulateintoshinglebankswhichafterwardsbecome

solidified，theprocessofdissolution，arrestedthoughitmaybeforsome

enormousgeologicperiod，isfinallyresumed。Asmanyashoreshowsus，the

conglomerateitselfissoonerorlatersubjecttothelikeprocesses;and

itscementedmassesofheterogeneouscomponentsarebrokenupandwornawaybyimpactandattrition——thatis，bycommunicatedmechanicalmotion。Whennotthuseffected，thedisintegrationiseffectedbycommunicated

molecularmotion。Aconsolidatedstratuminsomeareaofsubsidence，brought

downnearerandnearertotheregionsoccupiedbymoltenmatter，comeseventually

tohaveitsparticlesbroughttoaplasticstatebyheat，orfinallymelted

downintoliquid。Whatevermaybeitssubsequenttransformations，thetransformationthenexhibitedbyitisanabsorptionofmotionanddisintegrationofmatter。Thusbeitsimpleorcompound，smallorlarge，acrystaloramountain—chat，

everyinorganicaggregateontheEarthundergoes，atsometimeorother，

areversalofthosechangesundergoneduringitsevolution。Notthatitusually

passesbackfromtheperceptibleintotheimperceptible，duringanyperiod

inwhichitisorcanbeexposedtohumanobservation。Itdoesnotbecome

aeriformandinvisible，asorganicaggregatesdoingreatpart，thoughnot

wholly。Butstillitsdisintegrationanddispersioncarryitsomedistance

onthewaytowardstheimperceptible;andtherearereasonsforthinking

thatitsarrivalthereisbutdelayed。Ataperiodimmeasurablyremote，every

suchinorganicaggregate，alongwithallundissipatedremnantsoforganic

aggregates，mustbereducedtoastateofgaseousdiffusion，andsocompletethecycleofitschanges。§181。FortheEarthasawhole，whenithasgonethroughtheentire

seriesofitsascendingtransformations，mustremainexposedtothecontingencies

ofitsenvironment;andinthecourseofthoseceaselesschangesgoingon

throughoutaUniverseofwhichallpartsareinmotion，must，atsomeperiod

beyondtheutmoststretchofimagination，besubjecttoenergiessufficient

tocauseitscompletedisintegration。Letusglanceattheenergiescompetenttodisintegrateit。Inhisessayon"TheInter—actionofNaturalForces，"Prof。

HelmholtzstatesthethermalequivalentoftheEarth\'smovementthroughspace，

ascalculatedonthenowreceiveddatumofMr。Joule。"IfourEarth，"

hesays，"werebyasuddenshockbroughttorestinherorbit——which

isnottobefearedintheexistingarrangementofoursystem——bysuch

ashockaquantityofheatwouldbegeneratedequaltothatproducedbythe

combustionoffourteensuchEarthsofsolidcoal。Makingthemostunfavourable

assumptionastoitscapacityforheat，thatis，placingitequaltothat

ofwater，themassoftheEarthwouldtherebybeheated11，200degrees;it

wouldthereforebequitefused，andforthemostpartreducedtovapour。

IfthentheEarth，afterhavingbeenthusbroughttorest，shouldfallinto

theSun，whichofcoursewouldbethecase，thequantityofheatdeveloped

bytheshockwouldbe400timesgreater。"Nowthoughthiscalculation

seemstobenothingtothepurpose，sincetheEarthisnotlikelytobesuddenly

arrestedinitsorbitandnotlikelythereforesuddenlytofallintothe

Sun;yet，asbeforepointedout（§171），thereisaforceatworkwhich

itisheldmustatlastbringtheEarthintotheSun。Thisforceistheresistance

oftheetherealmedium。Frometherealresistanceisinferredaretardation

ofallmovingbodiesintheSolarSystem——aretardationwhichsomeastronomers

contendevennowshowsitseffectsintherelativenearnesstooneanother

oftheorbitsoftheolderplanets。If，then，retardationisgoingon，there

mustcomeatime，nomatterhowremote，whentheslowlydiminishingorbit

oftheEarthwillendintheSun;andthoughthequantityofmolarmotion

tobethentransformedintomolecularmotion，willnotbesogreatasthat

whichthecalculationofHelmholtzsupposes，itwillbegreatenoughtoreducethesubstanceoftheEarthtoagaseousstate。ThisdissolutionoftheEarthand，atintervals，ofeveryotherplanet，

isnot，however，adissolutionoftheSolarSystem。Allthechangesexhibited

throughouttheSolarSystem，areincidentsaccompanyingtheintegrationof

theentiremattercomposingit:thelocalintegrationofwhicheachplanet

isthescene，completingitselflongbeforethegeneralintegrationiscomplete。

Buteachsecondarymassleavinggonethroughitsevolutionandreacheda

stateofequilibriumamongitsparts（supposingthattheavailabletimesuffices，

whichinthecasesofJupiterandSaturnitmaynot），thereaftercontinues

initsextinctstate，until，bythestill—progressinggeneralintegration，

itisbroughtintothecentralmass。Andthougheachsuchunionofasecondary

masswiththecentralmass，implyingtransformationofmolarmotioninto

molecularmotion，causespartialdiffusionofthetotalmassformed，and

addstothequantityofmotionthathastobedispersedintheshapeoflight

andheat;yetitdoesbutpostponetheperiodatwhichthetotalmassmust

becomecompletelyintegrated，anditsexcessofcontainedmotionradiatedintospace。§182。Herewecometothequestionraisedatthecloseofthelast

chapter——DoesEvolutionasawhole，likeEvolutionindetail，advancetowards

completequiescience？Isthatmotionlessstatecalleddeath，whichendsEvolution

inorganicbodies，typicaloftheuniversaldeathinwhichEvolutionatlarge

mustend？Andhavewethustocontemplateastheoutcomeofthings，aboundless

spaceholdinghereandthereextinctSuns，fatedtoremainforeverwithoutfurtherchange？Tosospeculativeaninquiry，nonebutaspeculativeansweristobeexpected。

Suchanswerasmaybeventured，mustbetakenlessasapositiveanswerthan

asademurrertotheconclusionthattheproximateresultmustbetheultimate

result。If，pushingtoitsextremetheargumentthatEvolutionmustcome

toacloseincompleteequilibriumorrest，thereadersuggeststhatfor

aughtwhichappearstothecontrarytheremustresultaUniversalDeathwhich

willcontinueindefinitely，tworepliesmaybemade。Thefirstisthatthe

evidencepresentedintheheavensatlargeimpliesthatwhileofthemultitudinous

aggregatesofmatteritpresents，mostarepassingthroughthosestages——

whichmustendinlocalrest，thereareotherswhich，havingbarelycommenced

theseriesofchangesconstitutingEvolution，areonthewaytobecometheatres

oflife。ThesecondreplyisthatwhenwecontemplateourSiderealSystem

asawhole，certainofthegreatfactswhichsciencehasestablishedimply

potentialrenewalsoflife，nowinoneregionnowinanother，followed，possibly，

ataperiodunimaginablyremotebyamoregeneralrenewal。Thisconclusionissuggestedwhenwetakeintoaccountafactornotyetmentioned。Forhithertowehaveconsideredonlythatequilibrationwhichistaking

placewithinourSolarSystemandwithinsimilarsystems;takingnonote

ofthatimmeasurablygreaterequilibrationwhichremainstotakeplace:ending

thosemotionsthroughspacewhichsuchsystemspossess。Thatthestars，in

oldtimescalledfixed，areallinmotion，hasnowbecomeafamiliartruth，

andthattheyaremovingwithvelocitiesrangingfromsay10milespersecond

uptosome70milespersecond（whichlastisthevelocityofa"runaway

star"supposedtobepassingthroughourSiderealSystem）isatruth

deducedfromobservationsbymodernastronomers。Tobejoinedwiththisis

thefactthattherearedyingstarsandprobablydeadstars。Beyondtheevidence

furnishedbythevariouskindsoflighttheyemit，ofwhichtheredindicates

relativelyadvancedage，thereistheevidencethatinsomecasesbright

starshaveattendantswhicharedarkoralmostdark:themostconspicuous

casebeingthatofSirius，roundwhichrevolvesabodyofaboutone—third

itssizebutyieldingonly1/30000thpartofitslight——astarapproaching

toourSuninsize，whichhasgoneout。Theimplicationappearstobethat

beyondtheluminousmassesconstitutingthevisibleSiderealSystem，there

arenon—luminousmasses，perhapsfewerinnumberperhapsmorenumerous，which

incommonwiththeluminousonesareimpelledbymutualgravitation。How

thenaretobeequilibratedthemotionsofthesevastmasses，luminousandnonluminous，havinghighvelocities？Thisquestionmaybedividedintotwo，amajorandaminor，ofwhichtheminoradmitsofsomethinglikeananswer，whilethemajorseemsunanswerable。§182a。Scatteredthroughimmensurablespace，butmoreespecially

inandabouttheregionoftheMilkyWay，arenumerousstar—clusters，varying

intheircharactersfromthosewhicharehardlydistinguishablefromunusually

richportionsoftheheavens，tothosewhichconstitutecondensedswarms

ofstars;kindsofwhichmaybenamed，asattheoneextreme，24Persei，

103Cassiopeiaand32Cygni，andattheotherextreme，13Herculisand2

Aquarei。（*）

splendidseriesofPhotographsofStars，Star—Clusters，andNebulae（twovols。），inwhichalsowillbefoundthereferencespresentlytobemade。>

ThevarietiesbetweentheseextremeswereregardedbySirWilliamHerschel

asimplyingprogressiveconcentration;andinhisopinionSirJohnHerschelapparentlyagreed。Pursuingtheargumentthelatterwrote:——"Amongacrowdofsolidbodiesofwhateversize，animatedbyindependent

andpartiallyopposingimpulses，motionsoppositetoeachothermustproduce

collision，destructionofvelocity，andsubsidenceornearapproachtowards

thecentreofpreponderantattraction;whilethosewhichconspire，orwhich

remainoutstandingaftersuchconflicts，mustultimatelygiverisetocirculation

ofapermanentcharacter。"（OutlinesofAstronomy，9thed。，p。

641。）Theproblem，however，isheredealtwithpurelyasamechanicalone:

theassumptionbeingthatthemutuallyarrestedmasseswillcontinueasmasses。

Writingin1849SirJohnHerscheldidnottakeaccountoftheresultsreached

andverifiedduringthefewprecedingyearsbyMayerandJoule，respecting

thequantitativeequivalencebetweenmotionandheat。Butaccepting，aswe

mustnowdo，theconclusiondrawnbyHelmho1tz（§171）congruouswith

onepreviouslydrawnbyMayer，weareobligedtoinferthatstarsmoving

atthehighvelocitiesacquiredduringconcentration，will，bymutualarrest，

bedissipatedintogasesofextremetenuityconstitutingwhatweconceive

asnebulousmatter。Whenweinferthistheproblembecomesdifferent;and

adifferentconclusionseemsunavoidable。Forthediffusedmatterproduced

bysuchconflictsmustformaresistingmedium，occupyingthatcentralregion

oftheclusterthroughwhichitsmembersfrom，timetotimepassindescribing

theirorbits——aresistingmediumwhichtheycannotmovethroughwithout

havingtheirvelocitiesdiminished。Everyadditionalcollision，byaugmenting

thisresistingmedium，andmakingthelossesofvelocitygreatermustaid

inpreventingtheestablishmentofthatequilibriumwhichwouldelsearise;

andsomustconspiretoproducemorefrequentcollisions。Andthenebulous

matterthusformed，presentlyenvelopingthewholecluster，must，bycontinuing

toshortenthegyrationsofthemovingmasses，entailanincreasinglyactiveintegrationandreactivedisintegrationofthem，untiltheyarealldissipated。*<*Ileavethesethreesentencesastheystoodintherevisededition

ofthisworkpublishedin1867，becauseevidencesinceobtainedgoesfar

toshowthattheprocessdescribedisgoingon。Inthephotographscontained

inthesecondvolumeofhisStars，Star—Clusters，andNebulae，and

bytheaccompanyingdescription;Dr。Robertsshowsthatinsomeofthem（as

instance，M。3CanumVenaticorum）thereisdistinctlyvisibleanebulous

centralregion，suchasmightbeproducedatearlystagesoftheprocess

described;andthatheconceivessuchaprocesstobetakingplaceisprovedbyhisremarksonpage178。>Productsofthekindimpliedarepresentedinthelargediffused，and

irregularnebulae，suchastheoneinOrionSirJohnHerscheldescribesthem

（p。650）as"verygreatinextent，""irregularandcapricious

intheirshapes，""nolesssointhedistributionoftheirlight，"

andnothaving"anysimilarityoffigureoraspect。"Andthenhe

remarksthat"theyhaveoneimportantcharacterincommon"——"they

areallsituatedinornearthebordersoftheMilkyWay。"Thatisto

say，theyarefoundinthatregionoftheheavensinwhichstar—clusters

alsoaremostabundant。Thusintheirdistributionandintheircharacters

thesenebulaearecongruouswiththesuppositionthattheyhaveresultedfromdissipationofclustersarisinginthewaydescribed。Whatmaywesayconcerningthefutureofoneofthesevastirregularnebulae？

Thefirstremarkisthatas，inconformitywiththeforegoingspeculation，

itcontainsthematternotofonestarbutofmanystars，soinconformity

withitsaspectitisnotanebulousmassofthekindoutofwhichasingle

starorsunoriginates:beingsolargethatitcoversnumerousinterstellar

spaces。Thesecondremarkisthatwhenitswidestdiffusionhasbeenreached

concentrationwillcommence，andtheimplicationisthatafteranimmense

periodarotatingnebulaofoneorotherofthekindssoabundantlyexemplified

willresult。Thataspiralnebulaisproducedbyconcentrationofoneof

thesevastdiffusedmasses，containingthematterofmanystars，isaninference

supportedbythefactthatinsomespiralnebulaemanystarsandnebulous

starsembeddedwithinthespiralstructurehavemanifestlybeenformedor

areformingwhilethegeneralconcentrationisgoingon——instance74Piscium，

100Comae，andM。51CanumVenaticorum——andsuggestingthatanewconcentrating

clusterwilleventuallyarise。Ifso，theimplicationappearstobethat

therewilleventuallyagainariseaprocesslikethatjustsuggested——collisions

ofconcentratingmassesandprogressingdiffusionuntilthenebulousformisagainproduced。Ifinpursuanceofthisviewweregard（1）thestar—clustersvariously

condensed，（2）thediffusedandirregularnebulae，（3）thespiralandother

nebulaethatareconcentratingintostar—systems，asexhibitingdifferent

stagesofthesameprocess，thentheimplicationisthatinmanythousands

ofplacesthroughoutourSiderealSystemtherearegoingonalterationsof

EvolutionandDissolution。Andthisconceptionmaybetakenasasufficient

answertotheinferenceabovedrawnthatequilibrationmustendinuniversaldeath——aspeculativedemurrertoaspeculativeconclusion。§182b。Therestillpresentsitselfthequestionwhich，unanswerable

thoughitmaybe，wecannotignore——Whatarewetothinkconcerningthe

futureofthevisibleUniverse？Totheconceptionofalternatingevolutions

anddissolutionstakingplaceinmultitudinousdifferentpartsofit，there

mustbejoinedtheconceptionofitaseitherremaininginitspresentstate

oraschanging;andthatrisesthequestion——Changingtowardswhatother

state？Thatitsstatemustchangeisclear:theirregulardistributionofitbeingsuchastorenderevenatemporarymovingequilibriumimpossible。AttheoutsettherearisesthedoubtwhetherourSiderealSystemisan

aggregateatall，insuchsenseasisimpliedbyconformitytothelawof

EvolutionandDissolution——whetheritdoesnottranscendthoselimitsimplied

byconformitytothelaw。When，reducingitsstarsandtheirdistancesto

dimensionsthatmaybeimagined，wethinkofthemascomparabletopeasone

hundredmilesapart，theconceptionofthemasformingawholeheldtogether

onlybymutualgravitationseemssomewhatstrained。Theassumedunityseems

morequestionableonobservingthemarksofindependenceinthedispersed

parts。Besidesmultitudinouscasesofthekindabovedescribedinwhichstar—clusters

apparentlycarryontheirtransformationsirrespectiveoftheSiderealSystem

asawhole，therearesomefarlargerlocaltransformationsthatappearto

beofkindrednature。IrefertothosegoingonintheMagellanicclouds

ornubeculae，majorandminor——twoclosely—packedagglomerations，not，

indeed，ofsinglestarsonly，butofsinglestars，ofclustersregularand

irregular，ofnebula，andofdiffusednebulosity。Thatthesehavebeenformed

bymutualgravitationofpartsoncewidelyscattered，thereisevidencein

thebarrennessofthesurroundingcelestialspaces:thenubeculaminorespecially，

beingseated，asHumboldtsays，in"akindofstarlessdesert。"

Andsincethetraitsofthesechaoticaggregatesaresuchasdonotconsist

withanyprocessofevolution，wemustinferthattheyarepassingthrough

thecounter—processofdissolution:theresultingnebulousmatterhaving

alreadyenvelopedlargeportionsoftheirmiscellaneouscomponents;aconclusion

receivingsupportfromthefactthatwhiletheoneliesinaspacedevoid

ofstarstheotherhasarounditnumerousoutlyingnebulaandstar—clusters，

whichmustincourseoftimebedrawnintoit。Thusthereareconsiderable

difficultiesinthewayofregardingourSiderealSystemasawhole，subjecttotheprocessesofevolutionanddissolution。Neverthelesssundrytraitsseemtoimplythatthroughoutapastsoimmense

thatthetimeoccupiedintheevolutionofasolarorstellarsystembecomes

bycomparisonutterlyinsignificant，therehasbeenagatheringtogether

ofthematterofourUniversefromamoredispersedstate;anditsdisc—like

form，orelseannularform，indicatedbytheencirclingappearanceofthe

MilkyWay，risesthethoughtthatithasacombinedmotionwithinwhichall

minormotionsareincluded。Moreoverthecontrastbetweenthegalacticcircle，

withitscloselypackedmillionsofstarsdottedwithnumerousstar—clusters，

andtheregionsaboutthegalacticpoles，inwhichthemoreregularnebula

arechieflycongregated，yieldsfurtherevidencethatourSiderealSystem

hassomekindofunity，andthatduringanimmeasurablepastithasundergone

transformationsduetogeneralforces。If，then，wemustcontemplatethe

visibleUniverseasanaggregate，subjecttoprocessesofevolutionanddissolution

ofthesameessentialnatureasthosetraceableinminoraggregates，wecannotavoidaskingwhatislikelytobeitsfuture。###第42章InhisOutlinesofAstronomy（pp。630—1），SirJohnHerschelrefers

tospeculationsrespectingtherotationofourSiderealSystemintheplane

ofthegalacticcircle。DismissingthehypothesisofMädlerthatthe

centreofrotationisinthePleiades，hethinksthatnoopinioncanreasonably

beformedwhetherrotationexistsornot，untilaftersomethirtyorforty

yearsofobservationsofaspecialclass。Inanycase，however，theirregularities

oftheMilkyWaynecessitatetheconclusionthatthereisgoingon，andmust

continuetogoon，ageneralchangeofstructure。Thegreatermassiveness

ofitinthenorthernthaninthesouthernhemisphere，thecleftform，the

breachofcontinuity，thebranchings，thenarrowconnectingnecks，andthe

partsthatarealmostorquiteislanded，excludetheideaofequilibrium，

whetherthesystemasawholebestationaryorwhetheritberotating。In

§150，whenreferringtothefateofnebulousrings，Icitedtheoption

ofSirJohnHerscheltotheeffectthatanebulousringwouldnotbreakat

oneplaceandcollapse，butwouldbreakatmanyplacesandformseparate

masses。IjoinedwithittheopinionofSirG。B。Airy，towhomIputthe

questionwhetherthesewouldremainseparate，andwhoagreedthatthemasses

thusformed，partingmorewidelyatsomeoneplace，wouldeventuallycollapse

intoasinglemass。ParallelconclusionsrespectingchangesintheMilky

Wayseemlegitimate，orrather，indeed，seemnecessitated。Separationof

itintoparts——minorSiderealSystems——isaresulttowhichitspresent

aspectpoints。Thatsuchminorsiderealsystemscouldremainpermanently

independentisnottobesupposed。Mutualattractionwouldcauseinsome

casestheformationofbinarysiderealsystems，andinothercasescoalescence，

accordingtothedirectionsandamountsoftheirrespectivepropermotions。

Theimplicationisthattheremayberepeated，onvasterscales，changes

likethosedescribedasoccurringinstar—clusters:localconcentrations

takingplacewithintheseminorsiderealsystems，withresultingevolutions

anddissolutions，atthesametimethattheminorsiderealsystemsthemselves，

progressivelyuniting，becomemorecondensed，andconsequentlythescenes

ofmoreactivechangesoflikekinds。If，givingimaginationtherein，we

supposethisprocesscarriedtoitslimit，andultimatelytopresentonan

immenselylargerscalethekindofchangewhichthenubeculaeexhibit，there

arisesthethoughtofaprogressingdestructionofthemolarmotionspossessed

bytheconcentratingstars，andasimultaneousdiffusionoftheirsubstances，

which，astheprocesscomestoaclose，spreadsthematteroftheSidereal

Systeminitsnebulousformthroughoutthewholeofthatspacewhichitoriginally

filled——adiffusionreversingtheprecedingconcentration——adissolution

thatpreparesthewayforanewevolution。Reducedtoitsabstractform，

theargumentisthatthequantityofmotionimpliedbydispersionmustbe

asgreatasthequantityofmotionimpliedbyaggregation，orrathermust

bethesamemotion，takingnowthemolarformandnowthemolecularform;

andifweallowourselvestoconceivethisasanultimateresulttherearises

theconceptionnotonlyoflocalevolutionsanddissolutionsthroughoutourSiderealSystembutofgeneralevolutionsanddissolutionsalternatingindefinitely。Butwecannotdrawsuchaconclusionwithouttacitlyassumingsomething

beyondthelimitsofpossibleknowledge，namely，thattheenergycontained

inourSiderealSystemremainsundiminished。Continuanceofsuchalterations

withoutendpresupposesthatthequantityofmolecularmotionradiatedby

eachstarinthecourseofitsformationfromdiffusedmatter，shalleither

notescapefromourSiderealSystemorshallbecompensatedbyanequalquantity

ofmolecularmotionradiatedintoitfromotherpartsofspace。Iftheether

whichfillstheinterspacesofourSiderealSystemhasaboundarysomewhere

beyondtheoutermoststars，itisinferablethatmotionisnotlostbyradiation

beyondthatboundary;andifsotheoriginaldegreeofdiffusionmayberesumed。

Orif，supposingthattheetherisunbounded，thetemperatureofspaceis

thesamewithinandwithoutourSiderealSystem，thenitisinferablethat

thequantityofmotioncontainedwithinourSiderealSystemremainingundiminished，

itsalternateconcentrationsanddiffusionsmaycontinueundiminished。Butweshallneverbeabletosaywhethereitherconditionisfulfilled。Wemayindeeddismisssuchquestionsaspassingtheboundsofrational

speculation。Theyhaveherebeentoucheduponforthepurposeofshowing

thatitisnotinferablefromthegeneralprogresstowardsequilibriumthat

astateofuniversalquiescenceordeathwillbereached;butthatifaprocess

ofreasoningendsinthatconclusion，afurtherprocessofreasoningpointstorenewalsofactivityandlife。Here，however，itisneedlessfortheadequatepresentationofthegeneral

doctrine，thatEvolutionandDissolutionshouldbetracedineitherdirection

totheirends。In§93itwassaidthatnoactualphilosophycanfill

outtheschemeofanidealphilosophy——cannotevenofasmallaggregate

tracetheentirehistoryfromitsappearancetoitsdisappearance，andmustbeimmeasurablyfarfromdoingthiswiththeall—comprehensiveaggregate。Butunablethoughwemusteverremaintogiveacompleteaccountofthe

transformationofthings，eveninanyofitsminorparts，andstillmore

initstotalityweareabletorecognizethroughoutitthesamegenerallaw;

andmayreasonablyinferthatitholdsinthosepartsofthetransformation

whicharebeyondthereachofourintelligenceasitdoesinthoseparts

whicharewithinitsreach。

Chapter24SummaryandConclusion§184。Atthecloseofaworklikethis，itismorethanusuallyneedful

tocontemplateasawholethatwhichthesuccessivechaptershavepresented

inparts。Acoherentknowledgeimpliessomethingmorethantheestablishment

ofconnexions:wemustnotrestafterseeinghoweachminorgroupoftruths

fallsintoitsplacewithinsomemajorgroup，andhowallthemajorgroups

fittogether。Itisrequisitethatweshouldretireaspace，and，looking

attheentirestructurefromadistanceatwhichdetailsarelosttoview，observeitsgeneralcharacter。Somethingmorethanrecapitulation——somethingmoreeventhananorganized

re—statement，willcomewithinthescopeofthechapter。Weshallfindthat

intheirensemblethegeneraltruthsreachedexhibit，undercertainaspects，aonenessnothithertoobserved。Thereis，too，aspecialreasonfornotinghowthevariousdivisionsand

subdivisionsoftheargumentconsolidate;namely，thatthetheoryatlarge

therebyobtainsafinalillustration。Thereductionofthegeneralizations

whichhavebeensetforthseparatelytoacompletelyintegratedstate，exemplifies

oncemoretheprocessofEvolution，andstrengthensstillfurtherthegeneralfabricofconclusions。§185。Here，indeed，wefindourselvesbroughtroundunexpectedly

tothetruthwithwhichwesetout，andwithwhichourre—surveymustcommence。

Forthisintegratedformofknowledgeistheformwhich，apartfromthedoctrineofEvolution，wedecidedtobethehighestform。WhenweinquiredwhatconstitutesPhilosophy——whenwecomparedmen\'s

variousconceptionsofPhilosophy，sothat，eliminatingtheelementsinwhich

theydiffered，wemightseeinwhattheyagreed;wefoundinthemallthe

tacitimplicationthatPhilosophyiscompletelyunifiedknowledge。Apart

fromeachschemeofunifiedknowledge，andapartfromproposedmethodsby

whichunificationistobeeffected，wetracedineverycaseabeliefthat

unificationispossible，andthattheendofPhilosophyisachievementofit。AfterreachingthisconclusionweconsideredthedatawithwhichPhilosophy

mustsetout。Fundamentalpropositions，orpropositionsnotdeduciblefrom

deeperonescanbeestablishedonlybyshowingthecompletecongruityof

alltheresultsreachedthroughtheassumptionofthem;and，premisingthat

theyweresimplyassumedtillthusestablished，wetookasourdatathose

componentsofourintelligencewithoutwhichtherecannotgoonthementalprocessesimpliedbyphilosophizing。Fromthespecificationofthesewepassedtocertainprimarytruths——

"TheIndestructibilityofMatter，""TheContinuityofMotion，"

and"ThePersistenceofforce;"ofwhichthelastisultimateand

theothersderivative。HavingpreviouslyseenthatourexperiencesofMatter

andMotionareresolvableintoexperiencesofforce，wefurthersawthetruths

thatMatterandMotionareunchangeableinquantity，tobeimplicationsof

thetruththatForceisunchangeableinquantity。Thisweconcludedisthetruthbyderivationfromwhichallothertruthsaretobeproved。Thefirstofthetruthswhichpresenteditselftobesoproved，is"The

PersistenceoftherelationsamongForces。"This，whichisordinarily

calledUniformityofLaw，wefoundtobeanecessaryimplicationofthetruththatForcecanneitherariseoutofnothingnorlapseintonothing。Thenextdeductionwasthatforceswhichseemtobelostaretransformed

intotheirequivalentsofotherforces;or，conversely，thatforceswhich

becomemanifest，dosobydisappearanceofpre—existingequivalentforces。

Thesetruthswefoundillustratedbythemotionsoftheheavenlybodies，

bythechangesgoingonovertheEarth\'ssurface，andbyallorganicandsuper—organicactions。Itwasshowntobethesamewiththelawthateverythingmovesalongthe

lineofleastresistance，orthelineofgreatertraction，ortheirresultant。

Amongmovementsofallorders，fromthoseofstarsdowntothoseofnervous

dischargesandcommercialcurrents，itwasshownboththatthisisso，andtat，giventhePersistenceofForce，itmustbeso。So，too，wesawittobewith"TheRhythmOfMotion。"Allmotion

alternates——beitthemotionofplanetsintheirorbitsoretherealmolecules

intheirundulationsbeitthecadencesofspeechortherisesandfalls

ofprices;and，asbefore，itbecamemanifestthatForcebeingpersistent，thisperpetualreversalofMotionbetweenlimitsisinevitable。§186。Thesetruthsholdingofexistencesatlarge，wererecognized

asofthekindrequiredtoconstitutewhatwedistinguishasPhilosophy。

But，onconsideringthem，weperceivedthatastheystandtheydonotform

aPhilosophy。andthataPhilosophycannotbeformedbyanynumberofsuch

truthsseparatelyknown。Eachexpressesthelawofsomeonefactorbywhich

phenomena，asweexperiencethem，areproduced;or，atmost，expressesthe

lawofco—operationofsometwofactors。Butknowingwhataretheelements

ofaprocess，isnotknowinghowtheseelementscombinetoeffectit。That

whichalonecanunifyknowledgemustbethelawofco—operationofthefactors

——alawexpressingsimultaneouslythecomplexantecedentsandthecomplexconsequentswhichanyphenomenonasawholepresents。AfurtherinferencewasthatPhilosophy，asweunderstandit，mustnot

unifythechangesdisplayedinseparateconcretephenomenaonly;andmust

notstopshortwithunifyingthechangesdisplayedinseparateclassesof

concretephenomena;butmustunifythechangesdisplayedinallconcrete

phenomena。Ifthelawofoperationofeachfactorholdstruethroughoutthe

Cosmos，so，too，mustthelawoftheirco—operation。Andhenceincomprehending

theCosmosasconformingtothislawofco—operation，mustconsistthathighestunificationwhichPhilosophyseeks。Descendingtoamoreconcreteview，wesawthatthelawsoughtmustbe

thelawofthecontinuousre—distributionofMatterandMotion。Thechanges

everywheregoingon，fromthosewhichareslowlyalteringthestructureof

ourgalaxydowntothosewhichconstituteachemicaldecomposition，arechanges

intherelativepositionsofcomponentparts;andeverywherenecessarily

implythatalongwithanewarrangementofMattertherehasarisenanew

arrangementofMotion。Henceitfollowsthattheremustbealawoftheconcomitant

redistributionofMatterandMotionwhichholdsofeverychange，andwhich，bythusunifyingallchanges，mustbethebasisofaPhilosophy。Incommencingoursearchforthisuniversallawofre—distribution，we

contemplatedfromanotherpointofviewtheproblemofPhilosophy，andsaw

thatitssolutioncouldnotbutbeofthenatureindicated。Itwasshown

thatanideallycompletePhilosophymustformulatethewholeseriesofchanges

passedthroughbyexistencesseparatelyandasawholeinpassingfromthe

imperceptibletotheperceptibleandagainfromtheperceptibletotheimperceptible。

Ifitbeginsitsexplanationswithexistencesthatalreadyhaveconcrete

forms，orleavesoffwhiletheystillretainconcreteforms，then，manifestly，

theyhadprecedinghistories，orwillhavesucceedinghistories，orboth，

ofwhichnoaccountisgiven。Whencewesawittofollowthattheformula

sought，equallyapplicabletoexistencestakensinglyandintheirtotality，

mustbeapplicabletothewholehistoryofeachandtothewholehistory

ofall。ThismustbetheidealformofaPhilosophy，howeverfarshortofittherealitymayfall。Bytheseconsiderationswewerebroughtwithinviewoftheformula。For

ifithadtoexpresstheentireprogressfromtheimperceptibletotheperceptible

andfromtheperceptibletotheimperceptible;andifitWasalsotoexpress

thecontinuousre—distributionofMatterandMotion，then，obviously，it

couldbenootherthanonedefiningtheoppositeprocessesofconcentration

anddiffusionintermsofMatterandMotion。Andifso，itmustbeastatement

ofthetruththattheconcentrationofMatterimpliesthedissipationof

Motion，andthat，conversely，theabsorptionofMotionimpliesthediffusionofMatter。Such，infact，wefoundtobethelawoftheentirecycleofchangespassed

throughbyeveryexistence。Moreoverwesawthatbesidesapplyingtothe

wholehistoryofeachexistence，itappliestoeachdetailofthehistory。

Bothprocessesaregoingonateveryinstant。butalwaysthereisadifferential

resultinfavourofthefirstorthesecond。Andeverychange，eventhough

itbeonlyatranspositionofparts，inevitablyadvancestheoneprocessortheother。EvolutionandDissolution，aswenametheseoppositetransformations，

thoughthustrulydefinedintheirmostgeneralcharacters，arebutincompletely

defined;orrather，whilethedefinitionofDissolutionissufficient，the

definitionofEvolutionisextremelyinsufficient。Evolutionisalwaysan

integrationofMatteranddissipationofMotion;butitisinnearlyall

casesmuchmorethanthis。Theprimaryre—distributionofMatterandMotionisaccompaniedbysecondaryre—distributions。DistinguishingthedifferentkindsofEvolutionthusproducedassimple

andcompound，wewentontoconsiderunderwhatconditionsthesecondary

re—distributionswhichmakeEvolutioncompound，takeplace。Wefoundthat

aconcentratingaggregatewhichlosesitscontainedmotionrapidly，orintegrates

quickly，exhibitsonlysimpleEvolution;butinproportionasitslargeness，

orthepeculiarconstitutionofitscomponents，hindersthedissipationof

itsmotion，itsparts，whileundergoingthatprimaryre—distributionwhich

resultsinintegration，undergosecondaryre—distributionsproducingmoreorlesscomplexity。§187。FromthisconceptionofEvolutionandDissolutionastogether

makinguptheentireprocessthroughwhichthingspass;andfromthisconception

ofEvolutionasdividedintosimpleandcompound;wewentontoconsider

thelawofEvolution，asexhibitedamongallordersofexistences，ingeneralandindetail。TheintegrationofMatterandconcomitantdissipationofMotion，wastraced

notineachwholeonly，butinthepartsintowhicheachwholedivides。By

theaggregateSolarSystem，aswellasbyeachplanetandsatellite，progressive

concentrationhasbeen，andisstillbeing，exemplified。Ineachorganism

thatgeneralincorporationofdispersedmaterialswhichcausesgrowth，is

accompaniedbylocalincorporations，formingwhatwecallorgans。Everysociety，

whileitdisplaystheaggregativeprocessbyitsincreasingmassofpopulation，

displaysitalsobytheriseofdensemassesonspecialpartsofitsarea。

Andinallcases，alongwiththesedirectintegrationstheregotheindirectintegrationsbywhichpartsaremademutuallydependent。Fromthisprimaryre—distributionwewereledontoconsiderthesecondary

re—distributions，byinquiringhowtherecametobeaformationofparts

duringtheformationofawhole。Itturnedoutthatthereishabituallya

passagefromhomogeneitytoheterogeneityalongwiththepassagefromdiffusion

toconcentration。WhilethemattercomposingtheSolarSystemhasbeenassuming

adenserform，ithaschangedfromunitytovarietyofdistribution。Solidification

oftheEarthhasbeenaccompaniedbyaprogressfromcomparativeuniformity

toextrememultiformity。Inthecourseofitsadvancefromagermtoamass

ofrelativelygreatbulk，everyplantandanimalalsoadvancesfromsimplicity

tocomplexity。Theincreaseofasocietyinnumbersandconsolidationhas

foritsconcomitantanincreasedheterogeneitybothofitspoliticaland

itsindustrialorganization。Andthelikeholdsofallsuper—organicproducts——Language，Science，Art，andLiterature。Butwesawthatthesesecondaryre—distributionsarenotthuscompletely

expressed。Whilethepartsintowhicheachwholeisresolvedbecomemore

unlikeoneanother，theyalsobecomemoresharplymarkedoff。Theresult

ofthesecondaryre—distributionisthereforetochangeanindefinitehomogeneity

intoadefiniteheterogeneity。Thisadditionaltraitalsowefoundinevolving

aggregatesofallorders。Furtherconsideration，however，madeitapparent

thattheincreasingdefinitenesswhichgoesalongwithincreasingheterogeneity

isnotanindependenttrait，butthatitresultsfromtheintegrationwhich

progressesineachofthedifferentiatingparts，whileitprogressesinthewholetheyform。Further，itwaspointedoutthatinallevolutions，inorganic，organic，

andsuper—organic，thischangeinthearrangementofMatterisaccompanied

byaparallelchangeinthearrangementofcontainedMotion:everyincrease

instructuralcomplexityinvolvingacorrespondingincreaseinfunctional

complexity。Itwasshownthatalongwiththeintegrationofmoleculesinto

masses，therearisesanintegrationofmolecularmotionintothemotion

ofmasses;andthatasfastasthereresultsvarietyinthesizesandforms

ofaggregatesandtheirrelationstoincidentforces，therealsoresultsvarietyintheirmovements。Thetransformationthuscontemplatedunderseparateaspects，beingin

itselfbutonetransformation，itbecameneedfultounitetheseseparate

aspectsintoasingleconception——toregardtheprimaryandsecondaryredistributions

assimultaneouslyworkingtheirvariouseffects。Everywherethechangefrom

aconfusedsimplicitytoadistinctcomplexity，inthedistributionofboth

matterandmotion，isincidentaltotheconsolidationofthematterandthe

lossofitsinternalmotion。Hencethere—distributionofthematterand

ofitsretainedmotion，isfromarelativelydiffused，uniform，andindeterminatearrangement，toarelativelyconcentrated，multiform，anddeterminatearrangement。§188。Wecomenowtooneoftheadditionsthatmaybemadetothe

generalargumentwhilesummingitup。Hereisthefitoccasionforobserving

ahigherdegreeofunityintheforegoinginductions，thanweobservedwhilemakingthem。ThelawofEvolutionhasbeenthusfarcontemplatedasholdingtrueof

eachorderofexistences，consideredasaseparateorder。Buttheinduction

assopresented，fallsshortofthatcompletenesswhichitgainswhenwe

contemplatetheseseveralordersofexistencesasformingtogetheronenatural

whole。WhilewethinkofEvolutionasdividedintoastronomic，geologic，

biologic，psychologic，sociologic，etc。，itmayseemtosomeextentacoincidence

thatthesamelawofmetamorphosisholdsthroughoutallitsdivisions。But

whenwerecognizethesedivisionsasmereconventionalgroupings，madeto

facilitatethearrangementandacquisitionofknowledge——whenweremember

thatthedifferentexistenceswithwhichtheyseverallydealarecomponent

partsofoneCosmos;weseeatoncethattherearenotseveralkindsofEvolution

havingcertaintraitsincommon，butoneEvolutiongoingoneverywhereafter

thesamemanner，Wehaverepeatedlyobservedthatwhileanywholeisevolving，

thereisalwaysgoingonanevolutionofthepartsintowhichitdivides

itself;butwehavenotobservedthatthisequallyholdsofthetotality

ofthings，whichismadeupofpartswithinpartsfromthegreatestdown

tothesmallest。Weknowthatwhileaphysically—coheringaggregatelike

thehumanbodyisgettinglargerandtakingonitsgeneralshape，eachof

itsorgansisdoingthesame;thatwhileeachorganisgrowingandbecoming

unlikeothers，thereisgoingonadifferentiationandintegrationofits

componenttissuesandvessels;andthateventhecomponentsofthesecomponents

areseverallyincreasingandpassingintomoredefinitelyheterogeneousstructures。

Butwehavenotdulyremarkedthatwhileeachindividualisdeveloping，the

societyofwhichheisaninsignificantunitisdevelopingtoo;thatwhile

theaggregatemassformingasocietyisintegratingandbecomingmoredefinitely

heterogeneous，so，too，thattotalaggregate，theEarth，iscontinuingto

integrateanddifferentiate;thatwhiletheEarth，whichinbulkisnota

millionthoftheSolarSystem，progressestowardsitsmoreconcentratedstructure，theSolarSystemsimilarlyprogresses。Sounderstood，Evolutionbecomesnotoneinprincipleonly，butonein

fact。Therearenotmanymetamorphosessimilarlycarriedon，butthereis

asinglemetamorphosisuniversallyprogressing，whereverthereversemetamorphosis

hasnotsetin。Inanylocality，greatorsmall，wheretheoccupyingmatter

acquiresanappreciableindividuality，ordistinguishablenessfromother

matter，thereEvolutiongoeson;orrather，theacquirementofthisappreciable

individualityisthecommencementofEvolution。Andthisholdsregardlessofthesizeoftheaggregate，andregardlessofitsinclusioninotheraggregates。###第43章§189。Aftermakingthem，wesawthattheinductionswhich，taken

together，establishthelawofEvolution，donot，solongastheyremain

inductions，formthatwholerightlynamedPhilosophy;nordoeseventheforegoing，

fromagreementintoidentitypassageoftheseinductionssufficetoproduce

theunitysought。For，aswaspointedoutatthetime，tounifythetruths

thusreachedwithothertruths，theymustbededucedfromthePersistence

ofForce。Ournextstep，therefore，wastoshowwhy，Forcebeingpersistent，thetransformationwhichEvolutionshowsusnecessarilyresults。Thefirstconclusionwas，thatanyfinitehomogeneousaggregatemustlose

itshomogeneity，throughtheunequalexposuresofitspartstoincidentforces，

andthattheimperfectlyhomogeneousmustlapseintothedecidedlynon—homogeneous。

Itwaspointedoutthattheproductionofdiversitiesofstructurebydiverse

forces，andforcesactingunderdiverseconditions，hasbeenillustrated

inastronomicevolution;andthatalikeconnexionofcauseandeffectis

seeninthelargeandsmallmodificationsundergonebyourglobe。Theearly

changesoforganicgermssuppliedfurtherevidencethatunlikenessesofstructure

followunlikenessesofrelationstosurroundingagencies——evidenceenforced

bythetendencyofthedifferently—placedmembersofeachspeciestodiverge

intovarieties。Andwefoundthatthecontrasts，politicalandindustrial，

whicharisebetweenthepartsofsocieties，servetoillustratethesame

principle。Theinstabilityoftherelativelyhomogeneousthuseverywhere

exemplified，wesawalsoholdsineachofthedistinguishablepartsinto

whichanywholelapses;andthatsothelessheterogeneoustendscontinuallytobecomemoreheterogeneous。Afurtherstepintheinquirydisclosedasecondarycauseofincreasing

multiformity。Everydifferentiatedpartisnotsimplyaseatoffurtherdifferentiations，

butalsoaparentoffurtherdifferentiations;sinceingrowingunlikeother

parts，itbecomesacentreofunlikereactionsonincidentforces，andby

soaddingtothediversityofforcesatwork，addstothediversityofeffects

produced。Thismultiplicationofeffectsprovedtobesimilarlytraceable

throughoutallNature——intheactionsandreactionsthatgoonthroughout

theSolarSystem，inthenever—ceasinggeologiccomplications，intheinvolved

changesproducedinorganismsbynewinfluences，inthemanythoughtsand

feelingsgeneratedbysingleimpressions，andintheever—ramifyingresults

ofeachadditionalagencybroughttobearonasociety。Towhichwasjoined

thecorollarythatthemultiplicationofeffectsadvancesinageometricalprogressionalongwithadvancingheterogeneity。CompletelytointerpretthestructuralchangesconstitutingEvolution，

thereremainedtoassignareasonforthatincreasingly—distinctdemarcation

ofparts，whichaccompaniestheproductionofdifferencesamongparts。This

reasonwediscoveredtobethesegregationofmixedunitsundertheaction

offorcescapableofmovingthem。Wesawthatwhenunlikeincidentforces

havemadethepartsofanaggregateunlikeinthenaturesoftheircomponent

units，therenecessarilyarisesatendencytoseparationofthedissimilar

unitsfromoneanother，andtoaclusteringofthoseunitswhicharesimilar。

Thiscauseofthedefinitenessofthelocalintegrationswhichaccompany

localdifferentiations，turnedouttobelikewiseexemplifiedbyallkinds

ofEvolution——bytheformationofcelestialbodies，bythemouldingof

theEarth\'scrust，byorganicmodifications，bytheestablishmentofmentaldistinctions，bythegenesisofsocialdivisions。Atlength，tothequerywhethertheseprocesseshaveanylimit，there

cametheanswerthattheymustendinequilibrium。Thatcontinualdivision

andsubdivisionofforceswhichchangestheuniformintothemultiformand

themultiformintothemoremultiform，isaprocessbywhichforcesareperpetually

dissipated;anddissipationofthem，continuingaslongasthereremainany

forcesunbalancedbyopposingforces，mustendinrest。Itwasshownthat

when，ashappensinaggregatesofvariousorders，manymovementsgoontogether，

theearlierdispersionofthesmallerandmoreresistedmovements，establishes

movingequilibriaofdifferentkinds:formingtransitionalstagesonthe

waytocompleteequilibrium。Andfurtherinquirymadeitapparentthatfor

thesamereason，thesemovingequilibriahavecertainself—conservingpowers;

shownintheneutralizationofperturbations，andintheadjustmenttonew

conditions。Thisgeneralprincipleofequilibration，liketheprecedinggeneral

principles，wastracedthroughoutallformsofEvolution——astronomic，geologic，

biologic，mental，andsocial。Andourconcludinginferencewas，thatthe

penultimatestageofequilibrationintheorganicworld，inwhichtheextremest

multiformityandmostcomplexmovingequilibriumareestablished，mustbeoneimplyingthehigheststateofhumanity。Butthefactwhichherechieflyconcertsus，isthateachoftheselaws

ofthere—distributionofMatterandMotion，wasfoundtobeaderivative

law—alawdeduciblefromthefundamentallaw。ThePersistenceofForcebeing

granted，therefollowasinevitableinferences"TheInstabilityofthe

Homogeneous"and"TheMultiplicationofEffects;"while"Segregation"

and"Equilibration"alsobecomecorollaries。Andonthusdiscovering

thattheprocessesofchangegroupedunderthesetitlesaresomanydifferent

aspectsofonetransformation，determinedbyanultimatenecessitywearrive

atacompleteunificationofthem——asynthesisinwhichEvolutioningeneral

andindetailbecomesknownasanimplicationofthelawthattranscends

proof。Moreover，inbecomingthusunifiedwithoneanotherthecomplextruths

ofEvolutionbecomesimultaneouslyunifiedwiththosesimplertruthsshown

tohavealikeorigin——theequivalenceoftransformedforces，themovement

ofeverymassandmoleculealongitslineofleastresistance，andthelimitation

ofitsmotionbyrhythm。Whichfurtherunificationbringsustoaconception

oftheentireplexusofchangespresentedbyeachconcretephenomenon，and

bytheaggregateofconcretephenomena，asamanifestationofonefundamental

fact——afactshownalikeinthetotalchangeandinalltheseparatechangescomposingit。§190。Finallyweturnedtocontemplate，asexhibitedthroughoutNature，

thatprocessofDissolutionwhichformsthecomplementofEvolution，andwhich，atsometimeorother，undoeswhatEvolutionhasdone。QuicklyfollowingthearrestofEvolutioninaggregatesthatareunstable，

andfollowingitatperiodsoftenlongdelayedbutreachedatlastinthe

stableaggregatesaroundus，wesawthateventothevastaggregateofwhich

allthesearepartseventotheEarthasawhole——Dissolutionmusteventually

come。Nayweevensawgroundsforthebeliefthatlocalassemblagesofthose

farvastermasses。weknowasstarswilleventuallybedissipated:thequestion

remainingunansweredwhetherourSiderealSystemasawholemaynotata

timebeyondthereachoffiniteimaginationsharethesamefate。Whileinferring

thatinmanypartsofthevisibleuniversedissolutionisfollowingevolution，

andthatthroughouttheseregionsevolutionwillpresentlyrecommence，the

questionwhetherthereisanalterationofevolutionanddissolutioninthe

totalityofthingsisonewhichmustbeleftunansweredasbeyondthereachofhumanintelligence。If，however，weleantothebeliefthatwhathappenstothepartswill

eventuallyhappentothewhole，weareledtoentertaintheconceptionof

EvolutionsthathavefilledanimmeasurablepastandEvolutionsthatwill

fillanimmeasurablefuture。Wecannolongercontemplatethevisiblecreation

ashavingadefinitebeginningorend，orasbeingisolated。Itbecomesunified

withallexistencebeforeandafter;andtheForcewhichtheUniversepresents，

fallsintothesamecategorywithitsSpaceandTime，asadmittingofnolimitationinthought。§191。ThisconceptioniscongruouswiththeconclusionreachedinPartI，wherewedealtwiththerelationbetweentheKnowableandtheUnknowable。Itwasthereshownbyanalysisofbothreligiousandscientificideas，

thatwhileknowledgeoftheCausewhichproduceseffectsonconsciousness

isimpossible，theexistenceofaCausefortheseeffectsisadatumofconsciousness。

BeliefinaPowerwhichtranscendsknowledgeisthatfundamentalelement

inReligionwhichsurvivesallitschangesofform。Thisinexpugnablebelief

provedtobelikewisethatonwhichallexactScienceisbased。Andthis

isalsotheimplicationtowhichwearenowledbackbyourcompletedsynthesis。

TherecognitionofapersistentForce，everchangingitsmanifestationsbut

unchangedinquantitythroughoutallpasttimeandallfuturetime，isthat

whichwefindalonemakespossibleeachconcreteinterpretation，andatlastunifiesallconcreteinterpretations。Towardssomeconclusionofthisorder，inquiryscientific，metaphysical，

andtheological，hasbeen，andstillis，manifestlyadvancing。Thecoalescence

ofpolytheisticconceptionsintothemonotheisticconception，andthereduction

ofthemonotheisticconceptiontoamoreandmoregeneralform，inwhich

personalsuperintendencebecomesmergedinuniversalimmanence，clearlyshows

thisadvance。Itisequallyshowninthefadingawayofoldtheoriesabout

"essences，""potentialities，""occultvirtues，"

etc。;intheabandonmentofsuchdoctrinesasthoseof"PlatonicIdeas，"

"Pre—establishedHarmonies，"andthelike;andinthetendency

towardstheidentificationofBeingaspresentinconsciousness，withBeing

asotherwiseconditionedbeyondconsciousness。Stillmoreconspicuousis

itintheprogressofScience，which，fromthebeginning，hasbeengrouping。isolated

factsunderlaws，unitingspeciallawsundermoregenerallaws，andsoreaching

ontolawsofhigherandhighergenerality;untiltheconceptionofuniversallawshasbecomefamiliartoit。Unificationbeingthusthecharacteristicofdevelopingthoughtofall

kinds，andeventualarrivalatunitybeingfairlyinferable，therearises

yetafurthersupporttoourconclusion。Since，unlessthereissomeother

andhigherunity，theunitywehavereachedmustbethattowardswhichdevelopingthoughttends。Letnoonesupposethatanysuchimplieddegreeoftrustworthinessis

allegedofthevariousminorpropositionsbroughtinillustrationofthe

generalargument。Suchanassumptionwouldbesomanifestlyabsurd，that

itseemsscarcelyneedfultodisclaimit。Butthetruthofthedoctrineas

awhole，isunaffectedbyerrorsinthedetailsofitspresentation。Ifit

canbeshownthatthePersistenceofForceisnotadatumofconsciousness;

orifitcanbeshownthattheseverallawsofforceabovespecifiedare

notcorollariesfromit;orifitcanbeshownthat，giventheselaws，the

re—distributionofMatterandMotiondoesnotnecessarilyproceedasdescribed;

then，indeed，itwillbeshownthatthetheoryofEvolutionhasnotthehigh

warrantclaimedforit。Butnothingshortofthiscaninvalidatethegeneralconclusionslivedat。§193。Iftheseconclusionsbeaccepted——ifitbeagreedthatthe

phenomenagoingoneverywherearepartsofthegeneralprocessofEvolution，

savewheretheyarepartsofthereverseprocessofDissolution;thenwe

mayinferthatallphenomenareceivetheircompleteinterpretationonlywhen

recognizedaspartsoftheseprocesses。Whenceitfollowsthatthelimit

towardswhichKnowledgeadvancescanbereachedonlywhentheformulaeof

theseprocessesaresoappliedastoyieldinterpretationsofphenomenaingeneral。Butthisisanidealwhichtherealmusteverfallshortof。Fortruethoughitmaybethatallphenomenalchangesaredirectorindirect

resultsofthepersistenceofforce，theproofthattheyaresuchcannever

bemorethanpartiallygiven。Scientificprogressisprogressinthatadjustment

ofthoughttothingswhichwesawisgoingon，andmustcontinuetogoon，

butwhichcanneverarriveatanythinglikeperfection。Still，thoughScience

canneverbereducedtothisform，andthoughonlyatafardistanttime

canitbebroughtanywherenearit，agooddealmayevennowbedoneinthewayofapproximation。Ofcourse，whatmaynowbedonecannotbedonebyanysingleindividual。

Noonecanpossessthatencyclopaedicinformationrequiredforrightlyorganizing

eventhetruthsalreadyestablished。Nevertheless，asallorganization，beginning

infaintandblurredoutlines，iscompletedbysuccessivemodificationsand

additions，advantagemayaccruefromanattempt，howeverrude，toreduce

thefactsnowaccumulated——orrathercertainclassesofthem——tosomething

likeco—ordination。Suchmustbethepleafortheseveralvolumeswhichare

tosucceedthis;dealingwiththerespectivedivisionsofwhatwedistinguishedattheoutsetasSpecialPhilosophy。§194。Afewclosingwordsmustbesaid，concedingthegeneralbearingsofthedoctrinesthatarenowtobefurtherdeveloped。Thoughitisimpossibletopreventmisrepresentations，especiallywhen

thequestionsinvolvedareofakindthatexcitesomuchanimus，yettoguard

againstthemasfarasmaybe，itwillbewelltomakeasuccinctandemphatic

restatementofthePhilosophico—Religiousdoctrinewhichpervadestheforegoingpages。Overandoveragainithasbeenshowninvariousways，thatthedeepest

truthswecanreach，aresimplystatementsofthewidestuniformitiesin

ourexperiencesoftherelationsofMatter，Motion，andForce;andthatMatter，

Motion，andForcearebutsymbolsoftheUnknownReality。APowerofwhich

thenatureremainsforeverinconceivable，andtowhichnolimitsinTime

orSpacecanbeimagined，worksinuscertaineffects。Theseeffectshave

certainlikenessesofkind，themostgeneralofwhichweclasstogetherunder

thenamesofMatter，Motion，andForce;andbetweentheseeffectsthereare

likenessesofconnexion，themostconstantofwhichweclassaslawsofthe

highestcertainty。Analysisreducestheseseveralkindsofeffecttoone

kindofeffect;andtheseseveralkindsofuniformitytoonekindofuniformity。

AndthehighestachievementofScienceistheinterpretationofallorders

ofphenomena，asdifferently—conditionedmanifestationsofthisonekind

ofeffect，underdifferently—conditionedmodesofthisonekindofuniformity。

ButwhenSciencehasdonethis，ithasdonenothingmorethansystematize

ourexperiences，andhasinnodegreeextendedthelimitsofourexperiences。

Wecansaynomorethanbefore，whethertheuniformitiesareasabsolutely

necessaryastheyhavebecometoourthoughtrelativelynecessary。Theutmost

possibilityforusisaninterpretationoftheprocessofthingsasitpresents

itselftoourlimitedconsciousness;buthowthisprocessisrelatedtothe

actualprocessweareunabletoconceive，muchlesstoknow。Similarly，it

mustberememberedthatwhiletheconnexionbetweenthephenomenalorder

andtheontologicalorderisforeverinscrutable;soistheconnexionbetween

theconditionedformsofbeingandtheunconditionedformofbeingforever

inscrutable。TheinterpretationofallphenomenaintermsofMatter，Motion，

andForce，isnothingmorethanthereductionofourcomplexsymbolsofthought，

tothesimplestsymbols;andwhentheequationhasbeenbroughttoitslowest

termsthesymbolsremainsymbolsstill。Hencethereasoningscontainedin

theforegoingpages，affordnosupporttoeitheroftheantagonisthypotheses

respectingtheultimatenatureofthings。Asbeforeimplied，theirimplications

arenomorematerialisticthantheyarespiritualistic;andnomorespiritualistic

thantheyarematerialistic。Theestablishmentofcorrelationandequivalence

betweentheforcesoftheouterandtheinnerworlds，servestoassimilate

eithertotheother，accordingaswesetoutwithoneorotherterm。But

hewhorightlyinterpretsthedoctrinecontainedinthiswork，willseethat

neitherofthesetermscanbetakenasultimate。Hewillseethatthough

therelationofsubjectandobjectrendersnecessarytoustheseantithetical

conceptionsofSpiritandMatter;theoneisnolessthantheothertobe

regardedasbutasignoftheUnknownRealitywhichunderliesboth。