第20章

Inlikemannerthephenomenadue

towhatiscalledinterferenceoflight，resultfromtheperiodicagreement

anddisagreementofetherealundulations——undulationswhich，byalternately

intensifyingandneutralizingeachother，produceintervalsofincreased

anddiminishedlight。Onthesea—shoremaybenotedsundryinstancesofcompound

rhythms。Wehavethatofthetides，inwhichthedailyriseandfallundergoes

afortnightlyincreaseanddecrease，duetothealternatecoincidenceand

antagonismofthesolarandlunarattractions。Wehaveagainthatwhichis

perpetuallyfurnishedbythesurfaceofthesea:everylargewavebearing

smalleronesonitsside，andthesestillsmallerones，withtheresultthat

eachflakeoffoam，alongwiththeportionofwaterbearingit，undergoes

minorascentsanddescentsofseveralorderswhileitisbeingraisedand

loweredbythegreaterbillows。Adifferentandveryinterestingexample

ofcompoundrhythmoccursinthelittlerillswhich，atlowtide，runover

thesandoutoftheshinglebanksabove。Wherethechannelofoneofthese

isnarrowandthestreamrunsstrongly，thesandatthebottomisraised

intoaseriesofridgescorrespondingtotherippleofthewater。Onwatching，

itwillbeseenthattheseridgesarebeingraisedhigherandtheripple

growingstronger;untilatlength，theactionbecomingviolent，thewhole

seriesofridgesissuddenlysweptaway，thestreamrunssmoothly，andtheprocesscommencesafresh。Rhythmresultswhereverthereisaconflictofforcesnotinequilibrium。

Iftheantagonistforcesatanypointarebalanced，thereisrest;andin

theabsenceofmotiontherecanofcoursebenorhythm。Butifinsteadof

abalancethereisanexcessofforceinonedirection——if，asnecessarily

follows，motionissetupinthatdirection;thenforthemotiontocontinue

uniformlyinthatdirection，themovingmattermust，notwithstandingits

unceasingchangeofplace，presentunchangingrelationstothesourcesof

forcebywhichitsmotionisproducedandopposed。Thishoweverisimpossible。

Everyfurthertransferthroughspace，byalteringtheratiobetweentheforces

concerned，mustpreventuniformityofmovement。Andifthemovementcannot

beuniform，then（savewhereitisdestroyed，orrathertransformed，asby

thecollisionoftwobodiestravellingthroughspaceinastraightlinetowardseachother）theonlyalternativeisrhythm。Asecondaryconclusionmustnotbeomitted。Inthelastchapterwesaw

thatmotionisneverabsolutelyrectilinear;andhereitremainstoaddthat，

asaconsequence，rhythmisnecessarilyincomplete。Atrulyrectilinearrhythm

canariseonlywhentheopposingforcesareinexactlythesameline，and

theprobabilitiesagainstthisareinfinitelygreat。Togenerateaperfectly

circularrhythm，thetwoforcesconcernedmustbeexactlyatrightangles

toeachother，andmusthaveexactlyacertainratio;andagainstthisthe

probabilitiesarelikewiseinfinitelygreat。Allotherproportionsanddirections

ofthetwoforces（omittingsuchasproduceparabolasorhyperbolas）will

produceanellipseofgreaterorlesseccentricity。Andwhen，asalwayshappens，

abovetwoforcesareengaged，thecurvedescribedmustbemorecomplex，and

cannotexactlyrepeatitself。Sothatthroughoutnature，thisactionand

reactionofforcesneverbringsaboutacompletereturntoapreviousstate。

Wherethemovementisthatofsomeaggregatewhoseunitsarepartiallyindependent，

regularityisnolongertraceable。Andonthecompletionofanyperiodic

change，thedegreeinwhichthestatearrivedatdiffersfromthestatedepartedfrom，ismarkedinproportionastheinfluencesatworkarenumerous。§83。Thatspiralarrangementcommonamongthemorestructurednebulae，

showsustheprogressiveestablishmentofrevolution，andthereforeofrhythm，

inthoseremotespaceswhichthenebulaeoccupy。Doublestars，movingin

moreorlesseccentricorbitsroundcommoncentresofgravityinperiods

someofwhicharenowascertained，exhibitsettledrhythmicalactionsindistantpartsofourSiderealSystem。Theperiodicitiesoftheplanets，satellites，andcomets，familiarthough

theyare，mustbenamedassomanygrandillustrationsofthisgenerallaw

ofmovement。Butbesidestherevolutionsofthesebodiesintheirorbits

（allmoreorlesseccentric），theSolarSystempresentsuswithrhythmsof

alessmanifestandmorecomplexkind。Ineachplanetandsatellitethere

istherevolutionofthenodes——aslowchangeinthepositionoftheorbit—plane，

whichaftercompletingitselfcommencesafresh。Thereisthegradualalteration

inthelengthoftheaxismajoroftheorbit，andalsoofitseccentricity:

bothofwhicharerhythmicalalikeinthesensethattheyalternatebetween

maximaandminima，andinthesensethattheprogressfromoneextremeto

theotherisnotuniform，butismadewithfluctuatingvelocity。Then，too，

thereistherevolutionofthelineofapsidesroundtheheavens——notregularly，

butthroughcomplexoscillations。And，further，wehavechangesinthedirections

oftheplanetaryaxes——thatknownasnutation，andthatlargergyration

which，inthecaseoftheEarth，causestheprecessionoftheequinoxes。

Theserhythms，alreadymoreorlesscompound，arecompoundedwithoneanother。

Oneofthesimplestre—compoundingsisseeninthesecularaccelerationand

retardationofthemoon，consequentonthevaryingeccentricityoftheEarth\'s

orbit。Another，havingmoreimportantconsequences，resultsfromthechanging

directionoftheaxisofrotationinaplanethavingadecidedlyeccentric

orbit。TheEarthfurnishesthebestexample。Duringacertainlongperiod

itpresentsmoreofitsnorthernthanofitssouthernhemispheretotheSun

atthetimeofnearestapproachtohim;andthenagain，duringalikeperiod，

presentsmoreofitssouthernhemispherethanofitsnorthern:arecurring

coincidencewhichinvolvesanepochof21，000years，duringwhicheachhemisphere

goesthroughacycleoftemperateseasonsandseasonsthatareextremein

theirheatandcold。Noristhisall。Thereisevenavariationofthisvariation。

ForthesummersandwintersofthewholeEarthbecomemoreorlessstrongly

contrasted，astheeccentricityofitsorbitincreasesordecreases。Hence

duringtheincreaseoftheeccentricity，theepochsofmoderatelycontrasted

seasonsandepochsofstronglycontrastedseasons，throughwhichalternately

eachhemispherepasses，mustgrowmoreandmoredifferentinthedegrees

oftheircontrasts;andcontrariwiseduringdecreaseoftheeccentricity。

SothatinthosemovementsoftheEarthwhichdeterminethevaryingquantities

oflightandheatwhichanyportionofitreceivesfromtheSun，theregoes

onaquadruplerhythm:thatcausingdayandnight;thatcausingsummerand

winter;thatcausingthechangingpositionoftheaxisatperihelionand

aphelion，taking21，000yearstocomplete;andthatcausingthevariationoftheorbit\'seccentricity，gonethroughinmillionsofyears。§84。Thoseterrestrialprocessesdirectlydependingonthesolar

heat，ofcourseexhibitarhythmthatcorrespondstotheperiodicallychanging

amountofheatwhicheachpartoftheEarthreceives。Thesimplest，though

theleastobtrusive，instanceissuppliedbythemagneticvariations。In

thesethereisadiurnalincreaseanddecrease，anannualincreaseanddecrease，

andadecennialincreaseanddecrease:thelatteransweringtoaperiodduring

whichthesolarspotsbecomealternatelyabundantandscarce。Andbesides

knownvariationsthereareprobablyotherscorrespondingtotheastronomical

cyclesjustdescribed。Moreobviousexamplesarefurnishedbythemovements

oftheoceanandtheatmosphere。Marinecurrentsfromtheequatortothe

polesabove，andfromthepolestotheequatorbeneath，showusanunceasing

backwardandforwardmotionthroughoutthisvastmassofwater——amotion

varyinginamountaccordingtotheseasons，andcompoundedwithsmallerlike

motionsoflocalorigin。Thesimilarly—causedgeneralcurrentsintheair，

havesimilarannualvariationssimilarlymodified。Irregularastheyare

indetail，westillseeinthemonsoonsandothertropicalatmosphericdisturbances，

oreveninourautumnequinoctialgalesandspringeastwinds，aperiodicity

sufficientlydecided。Again，wehaveanalternationoftimesduringwhich

evaporationpredominateswithtimesduringwhichcondensationpredominates;

showninthetropicsbystronglymarkedrainyseasonsandseasonsofdrought，

andinthetemperatezonesbychangesofwhichtheperiodicityislessdefinite。

Thediffusionandprecipitationofwaterfurnishuswithexamplesofrhythm

ofamorerapidkind。Duringwetweatherlastingoversomeweeks，thetendency

tocondense，thoughgreaterthanthetendencytoevaporate，doesnotshow

itselfincontinuousrain;buttheperiodismadeupofrainydaysanddays

whicharewhollyorpartiallyfair。Norisitinthisrudealterationonly

thatthelawismanifested。Duringanydaythroughoutthiswetweathera

minorrhythmisoftentraceable;andespeciallysowhenthetendenciesto

evaporateandtocondensearenearlybalanced。Amongmountainsthisminor

rhythmanditscausesmaybestudiedtoadvantage。Moistwinds，whichdo

notprecipitatetheircontainedwaterinpassingoverthecomparativelywarm

lowlands，losesomuchheatwhentheyreachthecoldmountainpeaks，that

condensationrapidlytakesplace。Water，however，inpassingfromthegaseous

totheliquidstate，givesoutheat;andthereforetheresultingcloudsare

warmerthantheairthatprecipitatesthem，andmuchwarmerthanthehigh

rockysurfacesroundwhichtheyfoldthemselves。Henceinthecourseofthe

storm，thesehighrockysurfacesareraisedintemperature，partlybyradiation

fromtheenwrappingcloud，partlybycontactofthefallingrain—drops。Consequently

theynolongerlowersomuchthetemperatureoftheairpassingoverthem，

andceasetoprecipitateitscontainedwater。Thecloudsbreak;theskybegins

toclear;andagleamofsunshinepromisesthatthedayisgoingtobefine。

Butthesmallsupplyofheatwhichthecoldmountains\'topshavereceived，

issoonlost:especiallywhenpartialdispersionofthecloudspermitsradiation

intospace。Verysoon，therefore，theseelevatedsurfaces，becomingascold

asatfirst，beginagaintocondensethevapourintheairabove，andthere

comesanotherstorm，followedbythesameeffectsasbefore。Inlowerlands

thisactionandreactionislessconspicuous，becausethecontrastoftemperatures

islessmarked。Evenhere，however，itmaybetraced，notonlyonshowery

days，butondaysofcontinuousrain;forinthesewedonotseeuniformity:alwaystherearefitsofharderandgentlerrain。Ofcoursethesemeteorologicrhythmsinvolvecorrespondingrhythmsin

thechangeswroughtbywindandwaterontheEarth\'ssurface。Variations

inthequantitiesofsedimentbroughtdownbyriversthatriseandfallwith

theseasons，mustcausevariationsintheresultingstrata——alternations

ofcolourorqualityinthesuccessivelaminae。Bedsformedfromthedetritus

ofshoresworndownandcarriedawaybythewaves，mustsimilarlyshowperiodic

differencesansweringtotheperiodicwindsofthelocality。Insofaras

frostinfluencestherateofdenudation，itsrecurrenceisafactorinthe

rhythmofsedimentarydeposits。Andthegeologicalchangesproducedbyglaciersmustsimilarlyhavetheiralternatingperiodsofgreaterandlessintensity。ThereissomeevidencethatmodificationsintheEarth\'scrustdueto

igneousactionhaveanindefiniteperiodicity。Volcaniceruptionsarenot

continuousbutintermittent，andasfarasthedataenableustojudge，have

somethinglikeanaveragerateofrecurrence，aswitnessthecaseofKilauea;

whichrateiscomplicatedbyrisingintoepochsofgreateractivityandfalling

intoepochsofcomparativequiescence。Sotoo，accordingtoMallet，isit

withearthquakesandtheelevationsordepressionscausedbythem。Sedimentary

formationsyieldindirectevidence。AtthemouthoftheMississippithealternation

ofstratagivesdecisiveproofofsuccessivesinkingsofthesurface，that

havetakenplaceattolerablyequalintervals。Everywhereintheextensive

groupsofconformablestratathatimplysmallsubsidencesrecurringwith

acertainaveragefrequency，weseearhythmintheactionandreactionbetween

theEarth\'scrustanditscontents——arhythmcompoundedwiththoseslower

onesshownintheterminationofgroupsofstrata，andthecommencementofothergroupsnotconformabletothem。§85。Perhapsnowhereareillustrationsofrhythmsonumerousand

somanifestasamongthephenomenaoflife。Plantsdonot，indeed，usually

showusanydecidedperiodicities，savethosedeterminedbydayandnight

andbytheseasons。Butinanimalswehaveagreatvarietyofmovementsin

whichthealternationofoppositeextremesgoesonwithalldegreesofrapidity。

Theswallowingoffoodiseffectedbyawaveofconstrictionpassingalong

theoesophagus;itsdigestionislargelyaidedbyamuscularactionofthe

stomachthatisalsoundulatory;andtheperistalticmotionoftheintestines

isoflikenature。Thebloodobtainedfromthisfoodispropelledinpulses，

andisaeratedbylungsthatalternatelycontractandexpand。Alllocomotion

resultsfromoscillatingmovements。Evenwhereitisapparentlycontinuous，

asinmanyminuteforms，themicroscopeprovesthevibrationofciliatobetheagencybywhichthecreatureismovedsmoothlyforwards。Primaryrhythmsoftheorganicactionsarecompoundedwithsecondaryones

oflongerduration。Weseethisintheperiodicneedforfood，andinthe

periodicneedforrepose。Eachmealinducesamorerapidrhythmicaction

ofthedigestiveorgans;thepulsationoftheheartisaccelerated;theinspirations

becomemorefrequent。Duringsleep，onthecontrary，theseseveralmovements

slacken。Sothatinthecourseofthetwenty—fourhours，thosesmallundulations

ofwhichthedifferentkindsoforganicactionareconstituted，undergoone

longwaveofincreaseanddecrease，complicatedwithseveralminorwaves。

Experimentshaveshownthattherearestillslowerrisesandfallsoffunctional

activity。Wasteandassimilationarenotbalancedbyeverymeal，butone

orothermaintainsforsometimeaslightexcess;sothatapersoninordinary

healthundergoesanincreaseanddecreaseofweightduringrecurringintervals

oftolerableequality。Thereareoscillationsofvigourtoo。Evenmenin

trainingcannotbekeptstationaryattheirhighestpower，butwhenthey

havereacheditbegintoretrograde。Furtherevidenceofrhythminthevital

movementsisfurnishedbyinvalids。Sundrydisordersarenamedfromtheintermittent

characteroftheirsymptoms。Evenwheretheperiodicityisnotverymarked，

itismostlytraceable。Patientsrarelyifeverbecomeuniformlyworse;and

convalescentshaveusuallytheirdaysofpartialrelapseoroflessdecidedadvance。Aggregatesoflivingcreaturesillustratethegeneraltruthinotherways。

Ifeachspeciesoforganismberegardedasawhole，itdisplaystwokinds

ofrhythm。Lifeasitexistsineverymemberofsuchspecies，isanextremely

complexkindofmovement，moreorlessdistinctfromthekindsofmovement

whichconstitutelifeinotherspecies。Thisextremelycomplexkindofmovement

begins，risestoitsclimax，declines，andceasesindeath。Andeveryindividual

ineachgenerationthusexhibitsawaveofthatpeculiaractivitycharacterizing

thespeciesasawhole。Theotherformofrhythmisseeninthatvariation

ofnumberwhicheachtribeofanimalsandplantsundergoes。Throughoutthe

unceasingconflictbetweenthetendencyofaspeciestoincreaseandthe

antagonistictendencies，thereisneveranequilibrium:onealwayspredominates。

Inthecaseevenofacultivatedplantordomesticatedanimal，whereartificial

meansareusedtomaintainthesupplyatauniformlevel，oscillationsof

abundanceandscarcitycannotbeavoided。Andamongcreaturesuncaredfor

byman，suchoscillationsareusuallymoremarked。Afteraraceoforganisms

hasbeengreatlythinnedbyenemiesorinnutrition，itssurvivingmembers

becomemorefavourablycircumstancedthanusual。Duringthedeclineintheir

numberstheirfoodhasgrownrelativelyabundant，whiletheirenemieshave

somewhatdiminishedfromwantofprey。Theconditionsthusremainforsome

timefavourabletotheirincrease，andtheymultiplyrapidly。By—and—bytheir

foodisrenderedrelativelyscarce，atthesametimethattheirenemieshave

becomemorenumerous;andthedestroyinginfluencesbeingthusinexcess，

theirnumberbeginstodiminishagain。Yetonemorerhythm，extremelyslow，

maybetracedinthephenomenaofLifeundertheirmostgeneralaspect。The

researchesofpalaeontologistsshowthattherehavebeengoingon，during

thevastperiodofwhichoursedimentaryrocksbearrecord，successivechanges

oforganicforms。Specieshaveappeared，becomeabundant，andthendisappeared。

Genera，atfirstconstitutedofbutfewspecies，haveforatimegoneon

growingmoremultiform，andthenhavedeclinedinthenumberoftheirsubdivisions:

leavingatlastbutoneortwo，ornoneatall。Duringlongerepochswhole

ordershavethusarisen，culminated，anddwindledaway。Andeventhosewider

divisionscontainingmanyordershavesimilarlyundergoneagradualrise，

ahightide，andalong—continuedebb。ThestalkedCrinoidea，forexample，

whichduringthecarboniferousepochbecameabundant，havealmostdisappeared:

onlyasinglespeciesbeingextant。Oncealargefamily，theBrachiopoda

havenowbecomerare。TheshelledCephalopods，atonetimedominantamong

theinhabitantsoftheocean，bothinnumberofformsandofindividuals，

areinourdaynearlyextinct。Andafteran"ageofreptiles"has

comeanageinwhichreptileshavebeeningreatmeasuresupplantedbymammals。ThusLifeontheEarthhasnotprogresseduniformly，butinimmenseundulations。§86。Itisnotmanifestthatchangesofconsciousnessareinany

senserhythmical。Yethere，too，analysisprovesboththatthementalstate

existingatanymomentisnotuniform，butisdecomposableintorapidoscillations，

andalsothatmentalstatespassthroughlongerintervalsofincreasinganddecreasingintensity。Thoughwhileattendingtoanysinglesensation，oranygroupofrelated

sensationsconstitutingtheconsciousnessofanobject，weseemtoremain

inapersistentandhomogeneousconditionofmind，self—examinationshows

thatthisapparentlyunbrokenmentalstateistraversedbymanyminorstates，

inwhichvariousothersensationsandpreceptionsarerapidlypresentedand

disappear。Asthinkingconsistsintheestablishmentofrelations，itfollows

thatcontinuanceofitinanyonestatetotheentireexclusionofother

states，wouldbeacessationofthought，thatis，ofconsciousness。Sothat

anyseeminglyuniformfeeling，sayofpressure，reallyconsistsofportions

ofthatfeelingperpetuallyrecurringaftermomentaryintrusionsofother

feelingsandideas——quickthoughtsconcerningtheplacewhereitisfelt，

theexternalobjectproducingit，itsconsequences，etc。Muchmoreconspicuous

rhythms，havinglongerwaves，areseenduringtheoutflowofemotioninto

dancing，poetryandmusic。Thecurrentofmentalenergyexpendedinoneof

thesemodesofbodilyaction，isnotcontinuousbutfallsintosuccessive

pulses。Themeasureofadanceisproducedbythealternationofstrongmuscular

contractionswithweakerones;and，saveinmeasuresofthesimplestorder，

suchasarefoundamongbarbariansandchildren，thisalternationiscompounded

withlongerrisesandfallsinthedegreeofmuscularexcitement。Poetry

isaformofspeechinwhichtheemphasisisregularlyrecurrent，thatis，in

whichthemusculareffortofpronunciationhasdefiniteperiodsofgreater

andlessintensity:periodsthatarecomplicatedwithothersansweringto

thesuccessiveverses。Musicmorevariouslyexemplifiesthelaw。Thereare

therecurringbars，ineachofwhichthereisaprimaryandasecondarybeat。

Thereisthealternateincreaseanddecreaseofmuscularstrainimpliedby

theascentsanddescentstothehigherandlowernotes——ascentsanddescents

composedofsmallerwaves，breakingtherisesandfallsofthelargerones，

inamodepeculiartoeachmelody。Andthenwehave，further，thealternations

ofpianoandfortepassages。Thattheseseveralkindsofrhythm，characterizing

aestheticexpression，arenot，inthecommonsenseoftheword，artificial，

butareintenserformsofanundulatorymovementhabituallygeneratedby

feelinginitsbodilydischarge，isshownbythefactthattheyarealltraceable

inordinaryspeech，whichineverysentencehasitsprimaryandsecondary

emphases，anditscadencecontainingachiefriseandfallcomplicatedwith

subordinaterisesandfalls。Stilllongerundulationsmaybeobservedby

everyoneinhimselfandinothers，onoccasionsofextremepleasureorextreme

pain。Duringhoursinwhichbodilypainneveractuallyceases，ithasits

variationsofintensity——fitsorparoxysms;andthenaftertheseintervals

ofsufferingthereusuallycomeintervalsofcomparativeease。Moralpain

hasthelikesmallerandlargerwaves。Onepossessedbyintensegriefdoes

notuttercontinuousmoans，orshedtearswithanequablerapidity;butthese

signsofpassioncomeinrecurringbursts。Thenafteratimeduringwhich

suchstrongerandweakerwavesofemotionalternate，therecomesacalm——

atimeofcomparativedeadness;afterwhichdullsorrowrisesafreshinto

acuteanguish，withitsseriesofparoxysms。Similarlygreatdelight，as

shownbychildrenwhodisplayitwithoutcontrol，undergoesvariationsin

intensity:therearefitsoflaughteranddancingabout，separatedbypauses

inwhichsmiles，andotherslightmanifestationsofpleasure，sufficeto

dischargethelessenedexcitement。Noraretherewantingevidencesofmental

undulationsgreaterinlengththananyofthese。Wecontinuallyhearofmoods

whichrecuratintervals。Manypersonshavetheirdaysofvivacityanddays

ofdepression。Othershaveperiodsofindustryfollowingperiodsofidleness;

andtimesatwhichparticularsubjectsortastesarecultivatedwithzeal，

alteratingwithtimesatwhichtheyareneglected。Respectingwhichslow

oscillationstheonlyqualificationtobemadeis，thatbeingaffectedbynumerousinfluencestheyareirregular。§87。Innomadicsocietiesthechangesofplace，determinedbyexhaustion

orfailureofthesupplyoffood，areperiodic;andinmanycasesrecurwith

theseasons。Eachtribethathasbecomepartiallyfixedinitslocality，

goesonincreasinguntil，underpressureofhunger，thereresultsmigration

ofsomepartofit——aprocessrepeatedatintervals。Fromsuchexcesses

ofpopulation，andsuchwavesofmigration，comeconflictswithothertribes;

whicharealsoincreasingandtendingtodiffusethemselves。Theirantagonisms

resultnotinauniformmotion，butinanintermittentone。War，exhaustion，

recoil—peace，prosperity，andrenewedaggression:——seeherethealteration

asoccurringamongbothsavageandcivilizedpeoples。Andirregularasis

thisrhythm，itisnotmoresothanthedifferentsizesofthesocieties，

andtheinvolvedcausesofvariationintheirstrengths，wouldleadustoanticipate。###第21章Passingfromexternaltointernalsocialchanges，wemeetthisbackward

andforwardmovementundermanyforms。Incommercialcurrentsitisespecially

conspicuous。Exchangeduringearlytimesiscarriedonmainlyatfairs，held

atlongintervals。Thefluxandrefluxofpeopleandcommoditieswhicheach

oftheseexhibits，becomesmorefrequentasnationaldevelopmentbringsgreater

socialactivity。Therapidrhythmofweeklymarketsbeginstosupersedethe

slowrhythmoffairs。Andeventuallyexchangebecomesatsomeplacessoactive，

astobringaboutdailymeetingsofbuyersandsellers——adailywaveof

accumulationanddistributionofcotton，orcorn，orcapital。Inproduction

andconsumptionthereareundulationsalmostequallyobvious。Supplyand

demandarenevercompletelyadjusted，buteach，fromtimetotimeinexcess，

leadspresentlytoexcessoftheother。FarmerswhOhaveoneseasongrown

wheatabundantly，aredisgustedwiththeconsequentlowprice，andnextseason，

sowingamuchsmallerquantity，bringtomarketadeficientcrop;whence

followsaconverseeffect。Consumptionundergoesparallelundulationsthat

neednotbespecified。Thebalancingofsuppliesbetweendifferentdistricts，

too，entailsoscillations。Aplaceatwhichsomenecessaryoflifeisscarce，

becomesaplacetowhichcurrentsofitaresetupfromotherplaceswhere

itisrelativelyabundant;andthesecurrentsleadtoawaveofaccumulation

wheretheymeet——aglut:whencefollowsarecoil——apartialreturnof

thecurrents。Buttheundulatorycharacteroftheseactionsisbestseen

intherisesandfallsofprices。These，whentabulatedandreducedtodiagrams，

showusintheclearestmannerhowcommercialmovementsarecompoundedof

oscillationsofvariousmagnitudes。Thepriceofconsolsorthepriceof

wheat，asthusrepresented，isseentoundergovastascentsanddescents

havinghighestandlowestpointsthatarereachedonlyinthecourseofyears。

Theselargestwavesofvariationarebrokenbylesseronesextendingover

periodsofmonths。Onthesecomeothersseverallyhavingaweekortwo\'s

duration。Andwerethechangesmarkedingreaterdetail，weshouldseethe

smallerundulationsthattakeplaceeachdayandthestillsmalleroneswhich

brokerstelegraphfromhourtohour。Thewholeoutlinewouldshowacomplication

likethatofavastocean—swell，havingonitssurfacelargebillows，which

themselvesbearwavesofmoderatesize，coveredbywavelets，thatareroughened

byaminuteripple。Similardiagrammaticrepresentationsofbirths，marriages，

anddeaths，ofdisease，ofcrime，ofpauperism，exhibitinvolvedconflictsofrhythmicalmotionsthroughoutsocietyundertheseseveralaspects。Thereareliketraitsinsocialchangesofmorecomplexkinds。Bothin

EnglandandontheContinenttheactionsandreactionsofpoliticalprogress

arenowgenerallyrecognized。Religionhasitsperiodsofexaltationand

depression——generationsofbeliefandself—mortification，followinggenerations

ofindifferenceandlaxity。Therearepoeticalepochs，andepochsinwhich

thesenseofthebeautifulseemsalmostdormant。Philosophy，afterhaving

beenawhiledominant，lapsesforalongseasonintoneglect，andthenagain

slowlyrevives。Eachconcretesciencehasitserasofdeductivereasoning，

anditserasinwhichattentionischieflydirectedtocollectingandcolligating

facts。Andthatinsuchminorphenomenaasthoseoffashion，thereareoscillationsfromoneextremetotheother，isatriteobservation。Asmaybeforeseen，socialrhythmswellillustratetheirregularitythat

resultsfromcombinationofmanycauses。Wherethevariationsarethoseof

onesimpleelementinnationallife，asthesupplyofaparticularcommodity，

wedoindeedwitnessareturn，aftermanyinvolvedmovements，toaprevious

state——thepricebecomeswhatitwasbefore:implyingalikerelativeabundance。

Butwheretheactionisoneintowhichmanyfactorsenter，thereisnever

acompleterecurrence。ApoliticalreactIonneverbringsroundjusttheold

formofthings。Therationalismofthepresentdaydifferswidelyfromthe

rationalismofthelastcentury。Andthoughfashionfromtimetotimerevivesextincttypesofdress，thesealwaysreappearwithdecidedmodifications。§88。Rhythmbeingthusmanifestedinallformsofmovement，wehave

reasontosuspectthatitisdeterminedbysomeprimordialconditiontoaction

ingeneral。Thetacitimplicationisthatitisdeduciblefromthepersistenceofforce。Thisweshallfindtobethefact。Whentheprongofatuning—forkispulledononesidebythefinger，some

extratensionisproducedamongitscoheringparticles，whichresistany

forcethatdrawsthemoutoftheirstateofequilibrium。Asmuchforceas

thefingerexerts，somuchopposingforcearisesamongthecoheringparticles。

Hence，whentheprongisliberated，itisurgedbackbyaforceequalto

thatusedindetectingit。When，therefore，theprongreachesitsoriginal

position，theforceimpressedduringitsrecoil，hasgeneratedinitacorresponding

amountofmomentum——anamountnearlyequivalenttotheforceoriginally

impressed（nearly，wemustsay，becauseacertainportionhasgoneingiving

motiontotheair，andacertainotherportionhasbeentransformedinto

heat）。Thismomentumcarriestheprongbeyondthepositionofrest，nearly

asfarasitwasoriginallydrawninthereversedirection;untilatlength，

beinggraduallyusedupinproducinganopposingtensionamongtheparticles，

itisalllost。Thisopposingtensionthengeneratesasecondrecoil，and

sooncontinually:thevibrationeventuallyceasingonlybecauseateach

movementacertainamountofforcegoesincreatingatmosphericandethereal

undulations。Nowevidentlythisrepeatedactionandreactionisaconsequence

ofthepersistenceofforce。Theforceexertedbythefingerinbendingthe

prongcannotdisappear。Underwhatformthendoesitexist？Itexistsunder

theformofthatcohesivetensionwhichithasgeneratedamongtheparticles。

Thiscohesivetensioncannotceasewithoutanequivalentresult。Whatis

itsequivalentresult？Themomentumgeneratedintheprongwhilebeingcarried

backtoitspositionofrest。Thismomentumtoo——whatbecomesofit？It

musteithercontinueasmomentum，orproducesomecorrelativeforceofequal

amount。Itcannotcontinueasmomentum，sincechangeofplaceisresisted

bythecohesionoftheparts;andthusitgraduallydisappearsbybeingtransformed

intotensionamongtheseparts。Thisisretransformedintotheequivalent

momentum;andsooncontinuously。If，insteadofmotionthatisdirectly

antagonizedbythecohesionofmatter，weconsidermotionthroughspace，

asofacomet，thesametruthpresentsitselfunderanotherform。Though

whileitisapproachingtheSunnoopposingforceseemsatwork，andtherefore

nocauseofrhythm，yetitsownaccumulatedmomentummusteventuallycarry

themovingbodybeyondtheattractingbody;andsomustbecomeaforcein

conflictwiththatwhichgeneratedit。Thisforcecannotbedestroyed，but

itcanhaveitsdirectionchangedbythestillcontinuedattraction:the

resultbeingthatapassageroundtheattractingbodyisfollowedbyaretreat

duringwhichthisembodiedforce，graduallybecomingnon—apparent，istransformed

intogravitativestrain，untilallofithavingbeenthustransformedtherebeginsareturnfromaphelion。Beforeending，twoqualificationsmustbemade。Astherhythmofmotion

itselfpostulatescontinuityofmotion，itcannotbelookedforwhenmotion

hassuddenlybecomeinvisible。Ahinttacitlygivenin§82impliesthat

whatwemaycallafragmentarymotion——amotionwhichunderitsperceptible

formissuddenlybroughttoanend——cannotunderthatformexhibitrhythm:

instancethestoppageofahammerbyananvil。Insuchcases，however，we

observethatthisnon—continuousmotionistransformedintomotionsthat

arecontinuousandrhythmical——thesound—waves，theether—wavesofthe

heatgenerated，andthewavesofvibrationsentthroughthemassstruck:

therhythmsofthesemotionscontinuingaslongasthemotionsthemselvesdo。Theotherqualificationisthatthemotionsshallbethoseoccurringwithin

aclosedsystem，suchasisconstitutedbyourownSun，planets，satellites，

andperiodiccomets。Ifabodyapproachingacentreofattractionfromremote

space，hasanyconsiderablepropermotionnottowardsthatcentre，thisbody，

passingroundit，maytakeacoursewhichnegativesreturn——anhyperbola。

Isayanhyperbolabecausethechancesagainstaparaboliccourseareinfinitytoone。Butbearinginmindthesetwoqualifications，ofwhichthelastmaybe

consideredalmostnominal，wemayconcludethatundertheconditionsexisting

withinourSolarSystemandamongterrestrialphenomena，rhythm，everywhere

arisingfromtheplayofantagonistforces，isacorollaryfromthepersistence

offorce。

Chapter11Recapitulation，Criticism，andRecommencement§89。Letuspauseawhiletoconsiderhowfarthecontentsofthe

foregoingchaptersgotowardsformingabodyofknowledgeansweringtothedefinitionofPhilosophy。Inrespectofitsgenerality，thepropositionenunciatedandexemplified

ineachchapterisoftherequiredkind——isapropositiontranscending

thoseclass—limitswhichScience，ascurrentlyunderstood，recognizes。"The

IndestructibilityofMatter"isatruthnotbelongingtomechanicsmore

thantochemistry——atruthassumedalikebymolecularphysicsandthephysics

thatdealswithsensiblemasses——atruthwhichtheastronomerandthebiologist

equallytakeforgranted。NotmerelydothosedivisionsofSciencewhich

dealwiththemovementsofcelestialandterrestrialbodiespostulate"The

ContinuityofMotion，"butitisnolesspostulatedinthephysicist\'s

investigationsintothephenomenaoflightandheat，andistacitlyifnot

avowedly，impliedinthegeneralizationsofthehighersciences。So，too，

"ThePersistenceofForce，"involvedineachoftheprecedingpropositions，

isco—extensivewiththem，asisalsoitscorollary，"ThePersistence

ofRelationsamongForces。"Thesearenothighlygeneraltruths;they

areuniversaltruths。Passingtothedeductionsdrawnfromthem，weseethe

samething。Thatforceistransformable，andthatbetweenitscorrelates

thereexistquantitativeequivalences，areultimatefactsnottobeclassed

withthoseofmechanics，orthermology，orelectricity，ormagnetism;but

theyarefrustratedthroughoutphenomenaofeveryorder。Similarly，thelaw

thatmotionfollowsthelineofleastresistanceorthelineofgreatest

tractionortheresultantofthetwo，wefoundtobeanall—pervadinglaw;

conformedtoalikebyeachplanetinitsorbit，andby，themovingmatters，

aerial，liquid，andsolid，onitssurface—conformedtonolessbyeveryorganic

movementandprocessthanbyeveryinorganicmovementandprocess。Andso，

likewise，ithasbeenshownthatrhythmisexhibiteduniversally，fromthe

slowgyrationsofdoublestarsdowntotheinconceivablyrapidoscillations

ofmolecules——fromsuchterrestrialchangesasthoseofrecurrentglacial

epochsdowntothoseofthewindsandtidesandwaves;andisnolessconspicuous

inthefunctionsoflivingorganisms，frompulsationsoftheheartuptoparoxysmsoftheemotions。ThesetruthshavethecharacterwhichconstitutesthempartsofPhilosophy。

Theyaretruthswhichunifyconcretephenomenabelongingtoalldivisions

ofNature;andsomustbecomponentsofthatall—embracingconceptionofthingswhichPhilosophyseeks。§90。Butnowwhatpartsdothesetruthsplayinformingsuchaconception？

DoesanyoneofthemsinglyconveyanideaoftheCosmos:meaningbythat

wordthetotalityofthemanifestationsoftheUnknowable？Doallofthem

takeninsuccessionyieldusanadequateideaofthiskind？Dotheyeven

whenthoughtofincombinationcomposeanythinglikesuchanidea？Toeachofthesequestionstheanswermustbe——No。Neitherthesetruthsnoranyothersuchtruths，separatelyorjointly，

constitutethatintegratedknowledgeinwhichPhilosophyfindsitsgoal。

IthasbeensupposedbyonethinkerthatwhenSciencehasreducedallmore

complexlawstosomemostsimplelaw，asofmolecularaction，knowledgewill

havereacheditslimit。Anotherauthorityholdsthatallminorfactsare

somergedinthemajorfactthattheforceeverywhereinactionisnowhere

lost，thattoexpressthisistoexpress"theconstitutionoftheuniverse。"Buteitherconclusionimpliesamisapprehensionoftheproblem。Fortheseareallanalyticaltruths，andnoanalyticaltruth，norany

numberofanalyticaltruths，willmakeupthatsynthesisofthoughtwhich

alonecanbeaninterpretationofthesynthesisofthings。Thedecomposition

ofphenomenaintotheirelementsisbutaseparationforunderstandingphenomena

intheirstateofcomposition，asactuallymanifested。Tohaveascertained

thelawsofthefactorsisnottohaveascertainedthelawsoftheirco—operation。

Thethingtobeexpressedisthejointproductofthefactorsunderallits

variousaspects。Aclearcomprehensionofthismatterisimportantenoughtojustifysomefurtherexposition。§91。Supposeachemist，ageologist，andabiologist，havegiven

thedeepestexplanationsfurnishedbytheirrespectivesciences，oftheprocesses

goingoninaburningcandle，inaregionchangedbyearthquake，andina

growingplant。Totheassertionthattheirexplanationsarenotthedeepest

possible，theywillprobablyrejoin，"Whatwouldyouhave？Whatremains

tobesaidofcombustionwhenlightandheatandthedissipationofsubstance

haveallbeentraceddowntotheliberationofmolecularmotionastheir

commoncause？Whenalltheactionsaccompanyinganearthquakeareexplained

asconsequentupontheslowlossoftheEarth\'sinternalheat，howisit

possibletogolower？Whentheinfluenceoflightontheoscillationsof

moleculeshasbeenprovedtoaccountforvegetalgrowth，whatistheimaginable

furtherrationale？Youaskforasynthesis。Yousaythatknowledgedoesnot

endwiththeresolutionofphenomenaintotheactionsofcertainfactors，

eachconformingtoascertainedlaws;butthatthelawsofthefactorshaving

beenascertained，therecomesthechiefproblem——toshowhowfromtheir

jointactionresultthephenomenainalltheircomplexity。Well，donotthe

aboveinterpretationssatisfythisrequirement？Dowenot，startingwith

themolecularmotionsoftheelementsconcernedincombustion，buildupsynthetically

anexplanationofthelight，andtheheat，andtheproducedgases，andthe

movementsoftheproducedgases？Dowenot，settingoutfromthestill—continued

radiationoftheEarth\'sheat，constructbysynthesisaclearconception

ofitsnucleusascontracting，itscrustascollapsing，asbecomingshaken

andfissuredandcontortedandburstthroughbylava？Andisitnotthesamewiththechemicalchangesandaccumulationofmatterinthegrowingplant？"Toallwhichthereplyis，thattheultimateinterpretationtobereached

byPhilosophy，isauniversalsynthesiscomprehendingandconsolidatingsuch

specialsyntheses。ThesyntheticexplanationswhichSciencegives，evenup

tothemostgeneral，aremoreorlessindependentofoneanother。Mustthere

notbeadeeperexplanationincludingthem？Isittobesupposedthatin

theburningcandle，inthequakingEarth，andintheorganismthatisincreasing，

theprocessesaswholesareunrelatedtooneanother？Ifitbeadmittedthat

eachofthefactorsconcernedalwaysoperatesinconformitytoalaw，is

ittobeconcludedthattheirco—operationconformstonolaw？Thesevarious

changes，artificialandnatural，organicandinorganic，whichforconvenience

sakewedistinguish，arenotfromthehighestpointofviewtobedistinguished;

fortheyareallchangesgoingoninthesameCosmos，andformingpartsof

onevasttransformation。Theplayofforcesisessentiallythesameinprinciple

throughoutthewholeregionexploredbyourintelligence;andthough，varying

infinitelyintheirproportionsandcombinations，theyworkoutresultseverywhere

different，yettherecannotbutbeamongtheseresultsafundamentalcommunity。

Thequestiontobeansweredis——whatisthecommonelementinthehistoriesofallconcreteprocesses？§92。Toresume，then，wehavenowtoseekalawofcompositionof

phenomena，co—extensivewiththoselawsoftheircomponentssetforthin

theforegoingchapters。Havingseenthatmatterisindestructible，motion

continuous，andforcepersistent——havingseenthatforcesperpetuallyundergo

transformations，andthatmotion，followingthelineofleastresistance，

isalwaysrhythmic，itremainstofindtheformulaexpressingthecombinedconsequencesofthelawsthusseparatelyformulated。Suchaformulamustbeonethatspecifiesthecourseofthechangesundergone

byboththematterandthemotion。Everytransformationimpliesre—arrangement

ofparts;andadefinitionofit，whilesayingwhathashappenedtothesensible

orinsensibleportionsofsubstanceconcerned，mustalsosaywhathashappened

tothemovements，sensibleorinsensible，whichtherearrangementofparts

implies。Further，unlessthetransformationalwaysgoesoninthesameway

andatthesamerate，theformulamustspecifytheconditionsunderwhichitcommences，ceases，andisreversed。Thelawweseek，therefore，mustbethelawofthecontinuousredistribution

ofmatterandmotion。Absoluterestandpermanencedonotexist。Everyobject，

nolessthantheaggregateofallobjects，undergoesfrominstanttoinstant

somealterationofstate。Graduallyorquicklyitisreceivingmotionor

losingmotion，whilesomeorallofitspartsaresimultaneouslychanging

theirrelationstooneanother。Andthequestionis——Whatdynamicprinciple，

trueofthemetamorphosisasawholeandinitsdetails，expressesthese

ever—changingrelations？

Chapter12EvolutionandDissolution§93。Anentirehistoryofanythingmustincludeitsappearanceout

oftheimperceptibleanditsdisappearanceintotheimperceptible。Anyaccount

ofanobjectwhichbeginswithitinaconcreteform，orleavesoffwith

itinaconcreteform，isincomplete;sincethereremainsaneraofitsexistence

undescribedandunexplained。Whileadmittingthatknowledgeislimitedto

thephenomenal，wehave，byimplication，assertedthatthesphereofknowledge

isco—extensivewiththephenomenal——co—extensivewithallmodesofthe

Unknowablewhichcanaffectconsciousness。Hence，whereverwenowfindBeing

soconditionedastoactonoursenses，therearisethequestions——how

cameittobethusconditioned？andhowwillitceasetobethusconditioned？

Unlessontheassumptionthatitacquiredasensibleformatthemomentof

perception，andlostitssensibleformthemomentafterperception，itmust

havehadanantecedentexistenceunderthissensibleform，andwillhave

asubsequentexistenceunderthissensibleform。Andknowledgeofitremains

incompleteuntilithasunitedthepast，present，andfuturehistoriesintoawhole。Ourdailysayingsanddoingspresupposemoreorlesssuchknowledge，actual

orpotential，ofstateswhichhavegonebeforeandofstateswhichwillcome

after。Knowinganymanpersonally，implieshavingbeforeseenhimundera

shapemuchthesameashispresentshape;andknowinghimsimplyasaman，

impliestheinferredantecedentstatesofinfancy，childhood，andyouth。

Thoughtheman\'sfutureisnotknownspecifically，itisknowngenerally。

thathewilldieanddecay，arefactswhichcompleteinoutlinethechanges

tobegonethroughbyhim。Sowithallobjectsaround。Thepre—existence

underconcreteformsofourwoollens，silks，andcottons，wecantracesome

distanceback。Wearecertainthatourfurnitureconsistsofmatterwhich

wasaggregatedbytreeswithinthesefewgenerations。Evenofthestones

composingthewallsofthehouse，weareabletosaythatyearsorcenturies

ago，theyformedpartsofsomestratumintheEarth。Moreover，respecting

thehereafterofthewearablefabrics，thefurniture，andthewalls，wecan

assertthismuch，thattheyarealldecaying，andinperiodsofvariouslengths

willlosetheirpresentcoherentshapes。Thisinformationwhichallmengain

concedingthepastandfuturecareersofsurroundingthings，Sciencecontinues

unceasinglytoextend。Tothebiographyoftheindividualman，itaddsan

intra—uterinebiographybeginningwithhimasaminutegerm;andfollowing

outhisultimatechangesitfindshisbodyresolvedintocertaingaseous

productsofdecomposition。Notstoppingshortatthesheep\'sbackandthe

caterpillar\'scocoon，itidentifiesinwoolandsilkthenitrogenousmatters

absorbedbythesheepandthecaterpillarfromplants。Thesubstanceofa

plant\'sleaves，incommonwiththewoodfromwhichfurnitureismade，it

againtracesbacktocertaingasesintheairandcertainmineralsinthe

soil。Andthestratumofstonewhichwasquarriedtobuildthehouse，itleadswasoncealoosesedimentdepositedinanestuaryoronthesea—bottom。If，then，thepastandthefutureofeachobjectisasphereofpossible

knowledge;andifintellectualprogressconsistslargely，ifnotmainly，

inwideningouracquaintancewiththispastandthisfuture;itisobvious

thatthelimittowardswhichweprogressisanexpressionofthewholepast

andthewholefutureofeachobjectandtheaggregateofobjects。Itisno

lessobviousthatthislimit，ifreached，canbereachedonlyinaveryqualified

sense:inferencemorethanobservationmustbringustoit。Thisgarden—annual

wetracedowntoaseedplantedinthespring，andanalogyhelpsusback

tothemicroscopicovulewhencetheseedarose。Observation，verifyingforecast，

extendsourknowledgetotheflowersandtheseeds，andafterwardstothe

deathanddecaywhich，soonerorlater，endsindiffusion，partlythrough

theair，partlythroughthesoil。Heretheriseoftheaggregateoutofthe

imperceptibleanditspassagebackintotheimperceptibleisindistinctat

eachextreme。Neverthelesswemaysaythatinthecaseofthisorganism，

asoforganismsingeneral，theaccount，partiallybasedonobservationbut

largelybasedoninference，fulfilsthedefinitionofacompletehistory

fairlywell。Butitisotherwisethroughouttheinorganicworld。Inference

hereplaysthechiefpart。Onlybythepiecingtogetherofscatteredfacts

canweformanyconceptionofthepastorfutureofevensmallinorganic

masses，andstilllesscanweformitofgreaterones;andwhenwecometo

thevastmassesformingourSolarSystem，thelimitstotheirexistence，

alikeinthepastandinthefuture，canbeknownbutinferentially:direct

observationnolongeraidsus。Still，scienceleansmoreandmoretothe

conclusionthatthesealsoonceemergedfromtheimperceptiblethroughsuccessive

stagesofcondensationandwillinanimmeasurablyremotefuturelapseagain

intotheimperceptible。Sothathere，too，theconceptionofacompletehistory

isinasenseapplicable，thoughwecanneverfillitoutinmorethananindefiniteway。###第22章Butafterrecognizingthetruththatourknowledgeislimitedtothephenomenal

andthefurthertruththateventhesphereofthephenomenalcannotbepenetrated

toitsconfines，wemustneverthelessconcludethatsofarasispossible

philosophyhastoformulatethispassagefromtheimperceptibleintotheperceptible，andagainfromtheperceptibleintotheimperceptible。Thislastsentencecontainsatacitsuggestionwhichmust，however，be

excluded。Theapparentimplicationisthataconfessedlyimperfecttheory

may，byextensionafterthemannerdescribed，bechangedintoanavowedly

perfectone。Butwemayanticipatethattheextensionwillproveinlarge

measureimpracticable。Completeaccountsofthebeginningsandendsofindividual

objectscannotinmostcasesbereached:theirinitialandterminalstages

areleftvagueafterinvestigationhasdoneitsbest。Stillmore，then，with

thetotalityofthingsmustweconcludethattheinitialandterminalstages

arebeyondthereachofourintelligence。Aswecannotfathomeitherthe

infinitepastortheinfinitefuture，itfollowsthatboththeemergence

andimmergenceofthetotalityofsensibleexistencesmusteverremainmatters

ofspeculationonly:speculationmoreorlessjustifiedbyreasoningfromestablisheddata，butstill——speculation。HencetheconceptionofPhilosophyaboveimpliedmustberegardedasan

idealtowhichtherealcanneverdomorethanapproximate。Idealsingeneral

——eventhoseoftheexactsciences——cannotbereached，butcanonlybe

nearlyapproached;andyettheyincommonwithotherideals，areindispensable

aidstoinquiryanddiscovery。Sothatwhileitmayremaintheaimofphilosophy

togivethatcomprehensiveaccountofthingswhichincludespassagefrom

theimperceptibleintotheperceptibleandagainfromtheperceptibleinto

theimperceptible，yetitmaybeadmittedthatitmusteverfallshortof

thisaim。Still，whilerecognizingitsinevitableincompleteness，weinfer

thatsuchapproachtocompletenessasispossiblewillbeaffectedunder

guidanceoftheconceptionsreachedinthelasttwochapters。Thatgeneral

lawoftheredistributionofmatterandmotionwhichwelatelysawisrequired

tounifythevariouskindsofchanges，mustalsobeonethatunifiesthe

successivechangeswhichsensibleexistences，separatelyandtogether，pass

throughbetweentheirappearanceandtheirdisappearance。Onlybysomeformulacombiningthesecharacterscanknowledgebereducedtoacoherentwhole。§94。Alreadyintheforegoingparagraphstheformulaisforeshadowed。

AlreadyinrecognizingthefactthatScience，tracingbackthehistories

ofvariousobjects，findstheircomponentswereonceindiffusedstates，

andforecastingtheirfuturesseesthatdiffusedstateswillbeagainassumed

bythem，wehaverecognizedthefactsthattheformulamustbeonecomprehending

thetwooppositeprocessesofconcentrationanddispersion。Andalreadyin

thusdescribingthegeneralnatureoftheformula，wehaveapproachedaspecific

expressionofit。Thechangefromadispersed，imperceptiblestatetoaconcentrated，

perceptiblestate，isanintegrationofmatterandconcomitantdissipation

ofmotion;andthechangefromaconcentrated，perceptiblestatetoadispersed，

imperceptiblestate，isanabsorptionofmotionandconcomitantdisintegration

ofmatter。Thesearetruisms。Constituentpartscannotaggregatewithout

losingsomeoftheirrelativemotion;andtheycannotseparatewithoutmore

relativemotionbeinggiventothem。Wearenotconcernedherewithanymotion

whichthecomponentsofamasshavewithrespecttoothermasses:weare

concernedonlywiththemotiontheyhavewithrespecttooneanother。Confining

ourattentiontothisinternalmotion，andtothematterpossessingit，the

axiomwhichwehavetorecognizeisthataprogressingconsolidationinvolves

adecreaseofinternalmotion;andthatincreaseofinternalmotioninvolvesaprogressingunconsolidation。Whentakentogether，thetwooppositeprocessesthusformulatedconstitute

thehistoryofeverysensibleexistenceunderitssimplestform。Lossof

internalmotionandconsequentintegration，eventuallyfollowedbygainof

internalmotionandconsequentdisintegration——seehereastatementcomprehensive

oftheentireseriesofchangespassedthrough:comprehensiveinanextremely

generalway，asanystatementwhichholdsofsensibleexistencesatlarge

mustbe;butstill，comprehensiveinthesensethatallthechangesgone

throughfallwithinit。Thiswillprobablybethoughttoosweepinganassertion，butweshallquicklyfinditjustified。§95。Forherewehavetonotethefurtherall—importantfact，that

everychangesufferedbyeverysensibleexistence，isachangeinoneor

otherofthesetwooppositedirections。Apparentlyanaggregatewhichhas

passedoutofsomeoriginallydiscretestateintoaconcretestate，thereafter

remainsforanindefiniteperiodwithoutundergoingfurtherintegration，

andwithoutbeginningtodisintegrate。Butthisisuntrue。Allthingsare

growingordecaying，accumulatingmatterorwearingaway，integratingor

disintegrating。Allthingsarevaryingintheirtemperatures，contracting

orexpanding，integratingordisintegrating。Boththequantityofmatter

containedinanaggregateandthequantityofmotioncontainedinit，increase

ordecrease;andincreaseordecreaseofeitherisanadvancetowardsgreater

diffusionorgreaterconcentration。Continuedlossesorgainsofsubstance，

howeverslow，implyultimatedisappearanceorindefiniteenlargement;and

lossesorgainsofinsensiblemotionwill，ifcontinued，producecomplete

integrationorcompletedisintegration。Heatraysfallingonacoldmass，

augmentingthemolecularmotionsthroughoutit，andcausingittooccupy

morespace，arebeginningaprocesswhichifcarriedfarwilldisintegrate

themassintoliquid，andifcarriedfartherwilldisintegratetheliquid

intogas。Conversely，thedecreaseofbulkwhichavolumeofgasundergoes

asitpartswithsomeofitsmolecularmotion，isadecreasewhich，ifthe

lossofmolecularmotionproceeds，willbefollowedbyliquefactionandeventually

bysolidification。Andsincethereisnosuchthingasaconstanttemperature，

thenecessaryinferenceisthateveryaggregateisateverymomentprogressingtowardseithergreaterconcentrationorgreaterdiffusion。§96。Ageneralideaoftheseuniversalactionsundertheirsimplest

aspectshavingbeenobtained，wemaynowconsiderthemundercertainmore

complexaspects。Thusfarwehavesupposedoneorotherofthetwoopposite

processestogoonalone——wehavesupposedanaggregatetobeeitherlosing

motionandintegratingorgainingmotionanddisintegrating。Butthoughevery

changefurthersoneorotheroftheseprocesses，neitherprocessisever

unqualifiedbytheother。Foreachaggregateisatalltimesbothgainingmotionandlosingmotion。Everymassfromagrainofsandtoaplanet，radiatesheattoothermasses，

andabsorbsheatradiatedbyothermasses;andinsofarasitdoestheone

itbecomesintegrated，whileinsofarasitdoestheotheritbecomesdisintegrated。

Ininorganicobjectsthisdoubleprocessordinarilyworksbutunobtrusive

effects。Onlyinafewcases，amongwhichthatofacloudisthemostfamiliar，

doestheconflictproducerapidandmarkedtransformations。Oneofthese

floatingbodiesofvapourexpandsanddissipates，iftheamountofmolecular

motionitreceivesfromtheSunandEarthexceedsthatwhichitlosesby

radiationintospaceandtowardsadjacentsurfaces;while，contrariwise，

if，driftingovercoldmountain—tops，itradiatestothemmuchmoreheat

thanitreceives，thelossofmolecularmotionisfollowedbyincreasing

integrationofthevapour，endingintheaggregationofitintoliquidand

thefallofrain。Here，aselsewhere，theintegrationorthedisintegrationisadifferentialresult。Inlivingaggregates，andespeciallyinanimals，theseconflictingprocesses

goonwithgreatactivityunderseveralforms。Thereisnotmerelywhatwe

maycallthepassiveintegrationofmatter，whichinanimatemasseseffect

bysimplemolecularattractions，butthereisanactiveintegrationofit

undertheformoffood。Inadditiontothatpassivesuperficialdisintegration

whichinanimateobjectssufferfromexternalagents，animalsproduceinthemselves

activeinternaldisintegration，byabsorbingsuchagents。While，likeinorganic

aggregates，theypassivelyradiateandreceivemotion，theyarealsoactive

absorbersofmotionlatentinfood，andactiveexpendersofthatmotion。

Butnotwithstandingthiscomplicationofthetwoprocesses，andtheimmense

exaltationoftheconflictbetweenthem，itremainstruethatthereisalways

adifferentialprogresstowardseitherintegrationordisintegration。During

theearlierpartofthecycleofchangestheintegrationpredominates——

theregoesonwhatwecallgrowth。Themiddlepartofthecycleisusually

characterized，notbyequilibriumbetweentheintegratinganddisintegrating

processes，butbyalternateexcessesofthem。Andthecyclecloseswitha

periodinwhichthedisintegration，beginningtopredominate，eventually

putsastoptointegration，andafterdeathundoeswhatintegrationhadoriginally

done。Atnomomentareassimilationandwastesobalancedthatnoincrease

ordecreaseofmassisgoingon。Evenincaseswhereonepartisgrowing

whileotherpartsaredwindling，andevenincaseswheredifferentparts

aredifferentlyexposedtoexternalsourcesofmotion，sothatsomeareexpanding

whileothersarecontracting，thetruthstillholds。Forthechancesare

infinitytooneagainsttheseoppositechangesbalancingoneanother;andiftheydonotbalance，theaggregateasawholeisintegratingordisintegrating。Hencethatthechangesevergoingonarefromadiffusedimperceptible

statetoaconcentratedperceptiblestate，andbackagaintoadiffusedinmperceptible

state，mustbethatuniversallawofredistributionofmatterandmotion，

whichservestounifytheseeminglydiversegroupsofchanges，aswellastheentirecourseofeachgroup。§97。Theprocessesthuseverywhereinantagonism，andeverywhere

gainingnowatemporaryandnowanenduringpredominancetheoneoverthe

other，wecallEvolutionandDissolution。Evolutionunderitsmostgeneral

aspectistheintegrationofmatterandconcomitantdissipationofmotion;

whileDissolutionistheabsorptionofmotionandconcomitantdisintegrationofmatter。Thelastofthesetitlesanswersitspurposetolerablywell，butthefirst

isopentograveobjections。Evolutionhasothermeanings，someofwhich

areincongruouswith，andsomeevendirectlyopposedto，themeaninghere

giventoit。Theevolutionofagasisliterallyanabsorptionofmotion

anddistintegrationofmatter，whichisexactlythereverseofthatwhich

weherecallEvolution。Asordinarilyunderstood，toevolveistounfold，

toopenandexpand，tothrowout;whereasasunderstoodhere，theprocess

ofevolving，thoughitimpliesincreaseofaconcreteaggregate，andinso

faranexpansionofit，impliesthatitscomponentmatterhaspassedfrom

amorediffusedtoamoreconcentratedstate——hascontracted。Theantithetical

wordInvolutionwouldmoretrulyexpressthenatureofthechange;andwould，

indeed，describebetterthosesecondarycharactersofitwhichweshallhave

todealwithpresently。Weareobliged，however，notwithstandingtheliabilities

toconfusionresultingfromtheseunlikeandevencontradictorymeanings，

touseEvolutionasantitheticaltoDissolution。Thewordisnowsowidely

recognizedassignifying，not，indeed，thegeneralprocessabovedescribed，

butsundryofitsmostconspicuousvarieties，andcertainofitssecondary

butmostremarkableaccompaniments，thatwecannotnowsubstituteanotherword。While，then，weshallbyDissolutioneverywheremeantheprocesstacitly

impliedbyitsordinarymeaning——theabsorptionofmotionanddisintegration

ofmatter;weshalleverywheremeanbyEvolution，theprocesswhichisalways

anintegrationofmatteranddissipationofmotion，butwhich，asweshall

nowsee，isinmostcasesmuchmorethanthis。

Chapter13SimpleandCompoundEvolution§98。Wheretheonlyforcesatworkarethosedirectlytendingto

produceaggregationordiffusion，thewholehistoryofanaggregatewill

comprisenomorethantheapproachesofitscomponentstowardstheircommon

centreandtheirrecessionsfromtheircommoncentre。Theprocessofevolution，

includingnothingbeyondwhatwasdescribedattheoutsetofthelastchapter，willbesimple。Again，wheretheforceswhichcausemovementstowardsacommoncentre

greatlyexceedallotherforces，anychangesadditionaltothoseofaggregation

willbecomparativelyinsignificant:therewillbeintegrationslightlymodifiedbyfurtherkindsofredistribution。Orifbecauseofthesmallnessofthemass，orbecauseofthelittlemotion

itreceivesfromwithoutinreturnforthemotionitloses，theintegration

proceedsrapidly;therewillsimilarlybewroughtbutinsignificanteffectsbysecondaryforces，eventhoughtheseareconsiderable。Butwhen，conversely，theintegrationisslow。either，becausethequantity

ofmotioncontainedintheaggregateisrelativelygreat;orbecause，though

thequantityofmotionwhicheachpartpossessesisnotrelativelygreat，

thelargesizeoftheaggregatepreventseasydissipationofthemotion。

orbecause，thoughmotionisrapidlylostmoremotionisrapidlyreceived;

then，otherforceswillcauseintheaggregatesensiblemodifications。Along

withthechangeconstitutingintegration，therewilltakeplacefurtherchanges。

TheEvolution，insteadofbeingsimple，willbecompound。

Theseseveralpropositionsrequiresomeexplanation。§99。Solongasabodymovesfreelythroughspace，everyforcewhich

actsonitproducesanequivalentintheshapeofsomechangeinitsmotion。

Nomatterhowhighitsvelocitytheslightestlateraltractionorresistance

causesittodeviatefromitslineofmovement;andtheeffectoftheperturbing

influencegoesonaccumulatingintheratioofthesquaresofthetimesduring

whichitsactioncontinuesuniform。Butwhenthissamebodyisheldfast

bygravitationorcohesion，smallincidentforces，insteadofgivingitsomerelativemotionthroughspace，areotherwisedissipated。Whatthusholdsofmassesholds，inaqualifiedway，ofthesensibleparts

ofmasses，andofmolecules。Asthesensiblepartsofamass，andthemolecules

ofamass，are，byvirtueoftheiraggregation，notperfectlyfree，itis

nottrueofeachofthem，asofabodymovingthroughspace，thateveryincident

forceproducesanequivalentchangeofposition:partoftheforcegoesin

workingotherchanges。Butinproportionasthepartsofthemoleculesare

freelyboundtogether，incidentforceseffectmarkedre—arrangementsamong

them。Wheretheintegrationissoslightthattheparts，sensibleorinsensible，

arealmostindependent，theyarealmostcompletelyamenabletoeveryadditional

action;andalongwiththeconcentrationgoingontheregoonotherre—distributions。

Contrariwise，wherethepartsaresoclosethatwhatwecalltheattraction

ofcohesionisgreat，additionalactions，unlessintense，havelittlepower

tocausesecondaryre—arrangements。Thefirmly—unitedpartsdonotchange

theirrelativepositionsinobediencetosmallperturbingforces;buteach

smallperturbingforceusuallydoesnothingmorethantemporarilymodifytheinsensiblemolecularmotions。Howmaywebestexpressthisdifferenceingeneralterms？Anaggregate

thatiswidelydiffused，orbutlittleintegrated，isanaggregatecontaining

alargequantityofmotion——actualorpotentialorboth。Anaggregatethat

hasbecomecompletelyintegratedordense，isonecontainingcomparatively

littlemotion:mostofthemotionitspartsoncehadhasbeenlostduring

theintegrationthathasrendereditdense。Hence，otherthingsequal，in

proportiontothequantityofmotionanaggregatecontainswillbethequantity

ofsecondarychangeinthearrangementofitspartsthataccompaniesthe

primarychangeintheirarrangements。Hencealsootherthingsequal，inproportion

tothetimeduringwhichtheinternalmotionisretained，willbethequantity

ofthissecondaryre—distribution。Itmattersnothowtheseconditionsare

fulfilled。Whethertheinternalmotioncontinuesgreatbecausethecomponents

areofakindthatwillnotreadilyaggregate，orbecausesurroundingconditions

preventthemfrompartingwiththeirmotion，orbecausethelossoftheir

motionisimpededbythesizeoftheaggregatetheyform，orbecausethey

directlyorindirectlyobtainmoremotioninplaceofthatwhichtheylose;

itthroughoutremainstruethatmuchretainedinternalmotionrenderssecondary

re—distributionsfacile，andthatlongretentionofitmakespossiblean

accumulationofsuchsecondaryre—distributions。Conversely，non—fulfilment

oftheseconditions，howevercaused，entailsoppositeresults。Beitthat

thecomponentsoftheaggregatehavespecialaptitudestointegratequickly，

orbeitthatthesmallnessoftheaggregatepermitseasyescapeoftheir

motion，orbeitthattheyreceivelittleornomotioninexchangeforthat

whichtheylose;italikeholdsthatbutlittlesecondaryre—distributioncanaccompanytheprimaryre—distributionconstitutingtheirintegration。Letus，beforestudyingsimpleandcompoundEvolutionasthusdetermined，

contemplateafewcasesinwhichthequantityofinternalmotionisartificiallychanged，andnotetheeffectsonthere—arrangementofparts。§100。Whenavesselhasbeenfilledtothebrimwithloosefragments，

shakingitcausesthemtosettledownintolessspace，sothatmoremaybe

putin。Andwhenamongthefragmentstherearesomeofmuchgreaterspecific

gravitythantherest，these，inthecourseofaprolongedshaking，find

theirwaytothebottom。Whataretheseresults，expressedingeneralterms？

Wehaveagroupofunitsactedonbyanincidentforce——theattraction

oftheEarth。Solongastheseunitsarenotagitated，thisincidentforce

cannotchangetheirrelativepositions;agitatethem，andtheirloosearrangement

passesintoamorecompactarrangement。Again，solongastheyarenotagitated，

theincidentforcecannotseparatetheheavierunitsfromthelighter;agitate

them，andtheheavierunitsbegintosegregate。Mechanicaldisturbancesof

moreminutekinds，actingonthepartsofmuchdensermasses，produceanalogous

effects。Apieceofironwhich，whenitleavestheworkshop，isfibrousin

structure，becomescrystallineifexposedtoaperpetualjar。Thepolarforces

mutuallyexercisedbytheatoms，failtochangetheirdisorderlyarrangement

intoanorderlyarrangementwhiletheyarerelativelyquiescent;butthese

forcessucceedinrearrangingthemwhentheyarekeptinastateofintestine

motion。Similarly，thefactthatabarofsteelsuspendedinthemagnetic

meridianandrepeatedlystruck，becomesmagnetized，isascribedtoare—arrangement

ofparticlesproducedbythemagneticforceoftheEarthwhenvibrations

arepropagatedthroughthem。Nowimperfectlyasthesecasesparallelthose

weareconsidering。theyyetserveroughlytoillustratetheeffectwhich

addingtothequantityofmotionanaggregatecontains，hasinfacilitatingre—distributionofitscomponents。Morefullyillustrativearetheinstancesinwhich，byartificiallyadding

toorsubstractingfromthemolecularmotioncalleditsheat，wegivean

aggregateincreasedordiminishedfacilityofre—arrangingitsmolecules。

Theprocessoftemperingsteelorannealingglass，showsusthatinternal

re—distributionisaidedbyinsensiblevibrations，aswehavejustseenit

tobebysensiblevibrations。Whensomemoltenglassisdroppedintowater，

anditsoutsideisthus，bysuddensolidification，preventedfromparticipating

inthatcontractionwhichsubsequentcoolingoftheinsidetendstoproduce;

theunitsareleftinsuchastateoftension，thatthemassfliesintofragments

ifasmallportionbebrokenoff。Butifthismassbekeptforadayortwo

ataconsiderableheat，thoughaheatnotsufficienttoalteritsform，this

extremebrittlenessdisappears:thecomponentparticlesbeingthrowninto

greateragitation，thetensileforcesareenabledtore—arrangetheminto

astateofequilibrium。Muchmoreconspicuousistheeffectofheatwhere

there—arrangementofpartstakingplaceisthatofvisiblesegregation。

Aninstanceisfurnishedbythesubsidenceoffineprecipitates。Thesesink

downveryslowlyfromsolutionswhicharecold;whilewarmsolutionsdeposit

themwithcomparativerapidity。Thatistosay，exaltingthemolecularoscillation

throughoutthemass，allowsthesuspendedparticlestoseparatemorereadily

fromtheparticlesoffluid。Theinfluenceofheatonchemicalchangesis

sofamiliarthatexamplesarescarcelyneeded。Bethesubstancesconcerned

gaseous，liquid，orsolid，itequallyholdsthattheirchemicalunionsand

disunionsareaidedbyriseoftemperature。Affinitieswhichdonotsuffice

toeffectthere—arrangementofmixedunitsthatareinastateoffeeble

agitation，sufficetoeffectitwhentheagitationisraisedtoacertain

point。Andsolongasthismolecularmotionisnotgreatenoughtoprevent

thosechemicalcohesionswhichtheaffinitiestendtoproduce，exaltingitfacilitateschemicalre—arrangement。Letuspasstoillustrationsofadifferentclass。Otherthingsequal，

theliquidformofmatterimpliesagreaterquantityofcontainedmotion

thanthesolidform:theliquiditybeingitselfaconsequenceofsuchgreater

quantity。Hence，anaggregatemadeuppartlyofliquidmatterandpartly

ofsolidmatter，containsmoremotionthanonewhich，otherwiselikeit，

ismadeupwhollyofsolidmatter。Itisinferable，then，thataliquid—solid

aggregate，or，aswecallit，aplasticaggregate，willadmitofinternal

re—distributionwithcomparativefacility;andtheinferenceisverified

byexperience。Whileamagmaofunlikesubstancesgroundupwithwatercontinues

thintheregoesonasettlementofitsheaviercomponents——aseparation

ofthemfromthelighter。Asthewaterevaporatesthisseparationisimpeded，

andceaseswhenthemagmabecomesthick。Butevenwhenithasreachedthe

semi—solidstateinwhichgravitationfailstocausefurthersegregation

ofitsmixedcomponents，otherforcesmaystillproducesegregation:witness

thefactthatwhenthepastymixtureofgroundflintsandkaolin，prepared

formakingporcelain，iskeptsometime，itbecomesgrittyandunfitfor

use——theparticlesofsilicaseparatethemselvesfromtherestandunite

intograins;orwitnessthefactknowntoeveryhousewife，thatinlong—keptcurrant—jellythesugartakestheshapeofimbeddedcrystals。###第23章Nomatterthenunderwhatformthemotioncontainedbyanaggregateexists

——beitvisibleagitation，orsuchvibrationsasproducesound，beitmolecular

motionabsorbedfromwithout，ortheconstitutionalmolecularmotionofsome

componentliquid，thesametruthholds。Incidentforcesworksecondaryre—distributions

easilywhenthecontainedmotionislargeinquantity;andworkthemwithincreasingdifficultyasthecontainedmotiondiminishes。§101。Yetanotherclassoffactswhichfallwithinthesamegeneralization

mustbenamedbeforeproceeding。Theyarethosepresentedbycertaincontrasts

inchemicalstability。Speakinggenerally，stablecompoundscontainbutlittle

molecularmotion，andinproportionasthecontainedmolecularmotionisgreattheinstabilityisgreat。Themostcommonandmarkedillustrationofthis，isthatchemicalstability

decreasesastemperatureincreases。Compoundsofwhichtheelementsarestrongly

unitedandcompoundsofwhichtheelementsarefeeblyunited，arealikein

this，thatheatingthemoraddingtothequantitiesoftheircontainedmolecular

motion，diminishesthestrengthsoftheunionsoftheirelements;andby

continuallyaugmentingthecontainedmolecularmotion，apointisineach

casereachedatwhichtheunionisdestroyed。Thatistosaythere—distribution

ofmatterwhichconstitutessimplechemicaldecomposition，iseasyinproportion

asthequantityofcontainedmotionisgreat。Thelikeholdswithdouble

decompositions。Twocompounds，ABandCD，mingledtogetherandkeptat

alowtemperature，mayseverallyremainunchanged:thecross—affinitiesbetween

theircomponentsmayfailtocausere—distribution。Raisetheheatofthe

mixture，andre—distributiontakesplace;endingintheformationofthecompoundsACandBD。Anothertruthhavingalikeimplication，isthatchemicalelementswhich，

astheyordinarilyexist，containmuchmotion，havecombinationslessstable

thanthoseofwhichtheelements，astheyordinarilyexist，containlittle

motion。Thegaseousformofmatterimpliesarelativelylargeamountofmolecular

motion，whilethesolidformimpliesarelativelysmallamount。Whatare

thetraitsoftheirrespectivecompounds？Thosewhichthepermanentgases

formwithoneanother，cannotresisthightemperatures:mostofthemare

easilydecomposedbyheat;andataredheat，eventhestrongeronesyield

uptheircomponents。Ontheotherhand，thechemicalunionsbetweenelements

thataresolidexceptathightemperatures，areverystable。Inmany，if

notindeedinmost，cases，suchunionsarenotdestroyedbyanyheatwecanproduce。Thereis，again，therelation，whichappearstohaveakindredmeaning，

betweeninstabilityandamountofcomposition。"Ingeneral，themolecular

heatofacompoundincreaseswiththedegreeofcomplexity。"Withincrease

ofcomplexitytherealsogoesincreasedfacilityofdecomposition。Whence

itfollowsthatmoleculeswithcontainmuchmotioninvirtueoftheircomplexity，

arethoseofwhichthecomponentsaremosteasilyre—distributed。Thisholds

notonlyofthecomplexityarisingfromtheunionofseveralunlikeelements;

itholdsalsoofthecomplexityarisingfromtheunionofthesameelements

inhighermultiples。Matterhastwosolidstates，distinguishedascrystalloid

andcolloid;ofwhichthefirstisduetounionoftheindividualatomsor

molecules，andthesecondtotheunionofgroupsofsuchindividualatomsormolecules;andofwhichthefirstisstableandthesecondunstable。Butthemostconclusiveillustrationisfurnishedbythecombinations

intowhichnitrogenenters。Thesearespeciallyunstableandcontainspecially

greatquantitiesofmotion。Apeculiarityofnitrogenisthat，insteadof

givingoutheatwhenitcombineswithotherelements，itabsorbsheat。Besides

carryingwithitintotheliquidorsolidcompounditforms，themotionwhich

previouslyconstituteditagas，ittakesupadditionalmotion;andwhere

theotherelementwithwhichitunitesisgaseous，themolecularmotionproper

tothis，also，islockedupinthecompound。Nowthesenitrogen—compounds

areunusuallypronetodecomposition;andthedecompositionsofmanyofthem

takeplacewithextremeviolence。Allourexplosivesubstancesarenitrogenous

——themostdestructiveofthemall，chlorideofnitrogen，beingonewhich

containstheimmensequantityofmotionpropertoitscomponentgases，plusafurtherquantityofmotion。Evidentlythesegeneralchemicaltruthsarepartsofthemoregeneral

physicaltruthwearetracingout。Weseeinthemthatwhatholdsofsensible

masses，holdsalsooftheinsensiblemasseswecallmolecules。Liketheaggregates

formedofthem，theseultimateaggregatesbecomemoreorlessintegrated

accordingastheyloseorgainmotion;andlikethemalso，accordingasthey

containmuchorlittlemotion，theyaremoreorlessliabletoundergosecondaryre—distributionsalongwiththeprimaryre—distribution。§102。Andnowhavingbroughtthisgeneralprincipleclearlyinto

view，letusobservehow，inconformitywithit，Evolutionbecomes，accordingtotheconditions，eithersimpleorcompound。Ifalittlesal—ammoniacorothervolatilesolidbeheated，itisdisintegrated

bytheabsorbedmolecularmotionandrisesingas。Ifthisgascomesincontact

withacoldsurface，andlosesitexcessofmolecularmotion，integration

takesplace——thesubstanceassumestheformofcrystals。Thisisacase

ofsimpleevolution。Theconcentrationofmatteranddissipationofmotion

donothereproceedgradually——donotpassthroughstages;butthemolecular

motionwhichcausedassumptionofthegaseousstatebeingdissipated，the

matterpassessuddenlytoasolidstate。Theresultisthatalongwiththis

primaryre—distributiontheregoonnoappreciablesecondaryre—distributions。

Substantiallythesamethingholdswithcrystalsdepositedfromsolutions。

Lossofthatmolecularmotionwhich，downtoacertainpoint，keepsthemolecules

fromuniting，andsuddensolidificationwhenthelossgoesbelowthatpoint，

occurhereasbefore;andhereasbefore，theabsenceofaperiodduring

whichthemoleculesarepartiallyfreeandgraduallylosingtheirfreedom，isaccompaniedbytheabsenceofminorre—arrangements。Mark，conversely，whathappenswhentheconcentrationisslow。Agaseous

masslosingitsheatandundergoingaconsequentdecreaseofbulk，undergoes

alsomanysimultaneouschanges。Thegreatquantityofmolecularmotioncontained

init，givinggreatmolecularfreedom，renderseverypartsensitivetoevery

incidentforce;and，asaresult，itspartshavevariousmotionsbesides

thatimpliedbytheirprogressingintegration。Indeedthesesecondarymotions

whichweknowascurrents，aresoconspicuousasquitetosubordinatethe

primarymotion。Supposethat，presently，thelossofmolecularmotionhas

reachedthepointatwhichthegaseousstatecannolongerbemaintained，

andcondensationfollows。Undertheirmoreclosely—unitedform，theparts

oftheaggregatedisplay，toaconsiderabledegree，thesamephenomenaas

before。Themolecularmotionandaccompanyingmolecularmobilityimplied

bytheliquidstate，permiteasyre—arrangement;andhencetheregoonrapid

andmarkedchangesintherelativepositionsofparts——localstreamsproduced

byslightdisturbingforces。Butnow，ifinsteadofamobileliquidwetake

asluggishonesuchasmoltenpitchorasphalte，whathappensasthemolecular

motiondecreases？Theliquidthickens——itspartsceasetobemovableamong

oneanotherwithease;andthetranspositionscausedbyfeebleincidentforces

becomeslow。Littlebylittlethecurrentsarestopped，butthemassstill

continuesmodifiablebystrongerincidentforces。Gravitationmakesitbend

orspreadoutwhennotsupportedonallsides，anditmayeasilybeindented。

Asitcools，itcontinuestogrowstiffer;andeventually，furtherlossof

heatrendersitquitehard:itspartsarenolongerappreciablyre—arrangeablebyanysaveviolentactions。Amonginorganicaggregates，then，secondaryredistributionsaccompany

theprimaryre—distributionswherethisisgradual。Duringthegaseousand

liquidstages，thesecondaryre—distributions，rapidandextensiveasthey

are，leavenotraces:themolecularmobilitybeingsuchastonegativethe

fixedarrangementofpartswecallstructure。Onapproachingsoliditywe

arriveataplasticconditioninwhichre—distributionscanstillbemade，

thoughmuchlesseasily;andinwhichtheyhaveacertainpersistence——

apersistencewhichcan，however，becomedecidedonlywheresolidificationstopsfurtherre—distribution。HereweseewhataretheconditionsunderwhichEvolutionbecomescompound，

whileweseehowthecompoundingofitcanbecarriedfaronlyincasesmore

specialthananyhithertocontemplated;since，ontheonehand，extensive

secondaryre—distributionsarepossibleonlywherethereisagreatquantity

ofcontainedmotion，and，ontheotherhand，suchre—distributionscanhave

permanenceonlywherethecontainedmotionhasbecomesmall:opposingconditionswhichseemtonegativeanylargeamountofpermanentsecondaryre—distribution。§103。Andnowweareinapositiontoseehowtheseapparentlycontradictory

conditionsarereconciled。Weshallappreciatethepeculiarityoftheaggregates

classedasorganic，inwhichEvolutionbecomessohigh;andshallseethat

thispeculiarityconsistsinthecombinationofmatterintoformsembodying

enormousamountsofmotionatthesametimethattheyhaveagreatdegreeofconcentration。Fornotwithstandingitssemi—solidconsistence，organicmattercontains

molecularmotionlockedupineachofthewaysabovecontemplatedseparately。

Letusnoteitsdistinctivetraits。Threeoutofitsfourchiefcomponents

aregaseous;andintheiruncombinedstatesthesegasesunitedinithave

somuchmolecularmotionthattheyarecondensibleonlywithextremedifficulty。

Henceitistobeinferredthattheproteid—moleculeconcentratesanimmense

amountofmotioninasmallspace。Andsincemanyequivalentsofthesegaseous

elementsuniteinoneoftheseproteid—molecules，theremustbeinitalarge

quantityofrelativemotioninadditiontothatwhichtheultimateatoms

possess。Moreover，organicmatterhasthepeculiaritythatitsmolecules

areaggregatedintothecolloidandnotintothecrystalloidarrangement;

forming，asissupposed，clustersofclusterswhichhavemovementsinrelation

tooneanother。Here，then，isafurthermodeinwhichmolecularmotionis

included。Yetagain，thesecompoundsofwhichtheessentialpartsoforganisms

arebuilt，arenitrogenous;andwehavelatelyseenittobeapeculiarity

ofnitrogenouscompoundsthat，insteadofgivingoutheatduringtheirformation，

theyabsorbheat。Toallthemolecularmotionpossessedbygaseousnitrogen，

isaddedmoremotion;andthewholeisconcentratedinsemi—solidprotein。

Organicaggregatesareverygenerallydistinguished，too，byhavingmuch

insensiblemotioninafreestate——themotionwecallheat。Thoughinmany

casesthequantityofthiscontainedinsensiblemotionisinconsiderable，

inothercasesatemperaturemuchabovethatoftheenvironmentisconstantly

maintained。Oncemore，thereisthevastquantityofmotionembodiedinthe

waterthatpermeatesorganicmatter。Itisthiswhich，givingtothewater

itshighmolecularmobility，givesmobilitytotheorganicmoleculespartially

suspendedinit;andpreservesthatplasticstatewhichsogreatlyfacilitatesre—distribution。Theseseveralstatementsyieldnoadequateideaoftheextenttowhich

livingorganicsubstanceisthusdistinguishedfromothersubstanceshaving

likesensibleformsofaggregation。Butsomeapproximationtosuchanidea

maybeobtainedbycontrastingthebulkoccupiedbythissubstance，with

thebulkwhichitsconstituentswouldoccupyifuncombined。Anaccuratecomparison

cannotbemadeinthepresentstateofscience。Whatexpansionwouldoccur

iftheconstituentsofthenitrogenouscompoundscouldbedivorcedwithout

addingmotionfromwithout，istoocomplexaquestiontobeanswered。But

respectingtheconstituentsofthatwhichformsfour—fifthsoftheweight

ofanordinaryanimal——itswater——atolerablydefiniteanswercanbe

given。Weretheoxygenandhydrogenofwatertolosetheiraffinities，and

werenomolecularmotionsuppliedtothembeyondthatcontainedinwater

atblood—heat，theywouldassumeavolumetwentytimesthatofthewater。*<*

IamindebtedforthisresulttoDr。[afterwardsSir]EdwardFrankland，who

hasbeengoodenoughtohavethecalculationmadeforme。>Whetherprotein

underlikeconditionswouldexpandinagreateroralessdegree，mustremain

anopenquestion;butrememberingthegaseousnatureofthreeoutofits

fourchiefcomponents，rememberingtheabove—namedpeculiarityofnitrogenous

compounds，rememberingthehighmultiplesandthecolloidalform，wemay

concludethattheexpansionwouldbegreat。Weshallnotbewrong，therefore，

insayingthattheelementsofthehumanbodyifsuddenlydisengagedfrom

oneanother，wouldoccupyfarmorethanascoretimesthespacetheydo:

themovementsoftheirmoleculeswouldcompelthiswidediffusion。Thusthe

essentialcharacteristicoflivingorganicmatter，isthatitunitesthis

largequantityofcontainedmotionwithadegreeofcohesionwhichpermitstemporaryfixityofarrangement。§104。Besidesseeingthatorganicaggregatesdifferfromotheraggregates，

alikeinthequantityofmotiontheycontainandtheamountofre—arrangement

ofpartswhichaccompaniestheprogressiveintegration;weshallseethat

amongorganicaggregatesthemselves，differencesinthequantitiesofcontainedmotionareaccompaniedbydifferencesintheamountsofre—distribution。Thecontrastsamongorganismsinchemicalcompositionyieldusthefirst

illustration。Animalsaredistinguishedfromplantsbytheirfargreater

amOuntsofstructure，aswellasbyfargreaterrapiditywithwhichchanges

gooninthem;and，incomparisonwithplants，animalscontainimmensely

largerproportionsofthosenitrogenousmoleculesinwhichsomuchmotion

islockedup。So，too，isitwiththecontrastsbetweenthedifferentparts

ofeachanimal。Thoughcertainnitrogenousparts，ascartilage，arestable

andinert，yetthepartsinwhichsecondaryre—distributionshavegoneon，

andareevergoingon，mostactively，arethosemainlyformedofhighly—compounded

nitrogenousmolecules;whilepartswhich，likedepositsoffat，consistof

relatively—simplemolecules，thatarenon—nitrogenous，areseatsofbutlittlestructureandbutlittlechange。Wefindproof，too，thatthecontinuanceofthesecondaryre—distributions

bywhichorganicaggregatesaredistinguisheddependsonthepresenceof

thatlocked—upmotionwhichgivesmobilitytothewaterdiffusedthrough

them;andthat，otherthingsequal，thereisadirectrelationbetweenthe

amountofre—distributionandtheamountofcontainedwater。Theevidences

maybeputinthreegroups。Thereisthefamiliarfactthataplanthasits

formativechangesarrestedbycuttingoffthesupplyofwater:theprimary

redistributioncontinues——itwithersandshrinksorbecomesmoreintegrated

——butthesecondaryre—distributionscease。Thereisthelessfamiliarfact

thatthelikeresultoccursinanimals——occurs，indeed，afterarelatively

smallerdiminutionofwater。Certainoftheloweranimalsfurnishadditional

proofs。TheRotiferamayberenderedapparentlylifelessbydesiccation，

andwillyetreviveifwetted。WhentheAfricanriversitinhabitsaredried

uptheLepidosirenremainstorpidinthehardenedmuduntilreturnofthe

rainyseasonbringswater。Humboldtstatesthatduringthesummerdrought，

thealligatorsofthePampaslieburiedinastateofsuspendedanimation

beneaththeparchedsurface，andstruggleupoutoftheearthassoonas

itbecomeshumid。Thehistoryofeachorganismteachesthesamething。The

youngplant，justputtingitsheadabovethesoil，ismoresucculentthan

theadultplant;andtheamountoftransformationgoingoninitisrelatively

greater。Inthatportionofaneggwhichdisplaystheformativeprocesses

duringtheearlystagesofincubation，thechangesofarrangementaremore

rapidthanthosewhichanequalportionofthebodyofahatchedchickundergoes。

Asmaybeinferredfromtheirrespectivepowerstoacquirehabitsandaptitudes，

thestructuralmodifiabilityofachildisgreaterthanthatofanadult;

andthestructuralmodifiabilityofayoungmanisgreaterthanthatofan

oldman:contrastswhichareassociatedwithcontrastsinthedensitiesof

thetissues;sincetheratioofwatertosolidmatterdiminisheswithadvancing

age。Andthenwehavethisrelationrepeatedinthecontrastsbetweenparts

ofthesameorganism。Inatree，structuralchangesgoonrapidlyatthe

endsofshoots，wheretheratioofwatertosolidmatterisverygreat;while

thechangesareveryslowinthedenseandalmostdrysubstanceofthetrunk。

Similarlyinanimals，wehavethecontrastbetweenthehighrateofchange

goingoninasofttissuelikethebrain，andthelowrateofchangegoingonindrynon—vasculartissues——hairs，nails，horns，etc。Othergroupsoffactsprovethatthequantityofsecondaryre—distribution

inanorganismvaries，caeterisparibus，accordingtothecontainedquantity

ofthemotioncalledheat。Thecontrastsbetweendifferentorganisms，and

differentstatesofthesameorganism，uniteinshowingthis。Speakinggenerally，

theamountsofstructureandratesofstructuralchange，aresmallerthroughout

thevegetalkingdomthanthroughouttheanimalkingdom;and，speakinggenerally，

theheatofplantsislessthantheheatofanimals。Comparisonsoftheseveral

divisionsoftheanimalkingdomwithoneanother，discloseparallelrelations。

Regardedasawhole，vertebratesarehigherintemperaturethaninvertebrates;

andtheyareasawholehigherinactivityandcomplexity。Betweensubdivisions

oftheVertebratathemselves，likedifferencesinthedegreesofmolecular

vibrationaccompanylikedifferencesinthedegreesofevolution。Theleast

compoundedoftheVertebrataarethefishes;and，usually，theheatoffishes

isnearlythesameasthatofthewaterinwhichtheyswim:onlysomelarge

onesbeingdecidedlywarmer。Thoughwehabituallyspeakofreptilesascold—blooded，

andthoughtheyhavenotmuchmorepowerthanfishesofmaintainingatemperature

abovethatoftheirmedium，yetsincetheirmedium（whichis，inthemajority

ofcases，theairofwarmclimates）isontheaveragewarmerthanthemedium

inhabitedbyfishes，thetemperatureoftheclassreptilesishigherthan

thatoftheclassfishes;andweseeinthemacorrespondinglyhighercomplexity。

Themuchmoreactivemolecularagitationinmammalsandbirds，goesalong

withaconsiderablygreatermultiformityofstructureandafargreatervivacity。

Themostinstructivecontrasts，however，arethoseoccurringinthesame

organicaggregatesatdifferenttemperatures。Structuralchangesinplants

varyinrateasthetemperaturevaries。Thoughlighteffectsthosemolecular

changescausingvegetalgrowth，yetintheabsenceofheat，suchchanges

arenoteffected:inwinterthereisenoughlight，butnotenoughheat。That

thisisthesolecauseofthesuspensionofgrowth，isprovedbythefact

thatatthesameseason，plantscontainedinhot—housesgoonproducingleaves

andflowers。Wesee，too，thattheirseeds，towhichlightisnotsimply

needlessbutdetrimental，germinateonlywhenthereturnofawarmseason

raisestherateofmolecularagitation。Inlikemannertheovaofanimals，

undergoingthosechangeswhichproducestructureinthem，mustbekeptmore

orlesswarm:intheabsenceofacertainamountofmotionamongtheirmolecules，

there—arrangementofpartsdoesnotgoon。Hybernatinganimalsalsosupply

proofthatlossofheatcarriedfar，retardsextremelythevitaltransformations。

Inanimalswhichdonothybernate，asinman，prolongedexposuretointense

coldcausesextremesleepiness，whichimpliesaloweredrateoforganicchanges;

andifthelossofheatcontinues，therecomesdeath，orstoppageofthesechanges。Here，then，isanaccumulationofproofs。Livingaggregatesaredistinguished

bytheassociatedfacts，thatduringintegrationtheyundergoremarkable

secondarychangeswhichotheraggregatesdonotundergotoanythinglike

thesameextent;andthattheycontain（bulksbeingsupposedequal）immenselygreaterquantitiesofmotion，lockedupinvariousways。§105。ThelastchapterclosedwiththeremarkthatwhileEvolution

isalwaysanintegrationofMatteranddissipationofMotion，itisinmost

casesmuchmore。Andthischapteropenedbyspecifyingtheconditionsunder

whichEvolutionisintegrativeonly，orremainssimple，andtheconditions

underwhichitissomethingfurtherthanintegrative，orbecomescompound。

InillustratingthiscontrastbetweensimpleandcompoundEvolution，and

inexplaininghowthecontrastarises，avagueideaofEvolutioningeneral

hasbeenconveyed。Unavoidably，wehavetosomeextentforestalledthefulldiscussionofEvolutionabouttobecommenced。Thereisnothinginthistoregret。Apreliminaryconception，indefinite

butcomprehensive，isneedfulasanintroductiontoadefiniteconception。

Acomplexideaisnotcommunicabledirectly，bygivingoneafteranother

itscomponentpartsintheirfinishedforms;sinceifnooutlinepre—exists

inthemindoftherecipientthesecomponentpartswillnotberightlycombined。

Muchlabourhastobegonethroughwhichwouldhavebeensavedhadageneral

notion，howevercloudy，beenconveyedbeforethedistinctanddetaileddelineationwascommenced。Thatwhichthereaderhasincidentallygatheredrespectingthenature

ofEvolutionfromtheforegoingsections，hemaythusadvantageouslyuse

asarudesketch。Hewillbearinmindthatthetotalhistoryofeverysensible

existenceisincludedinitsEvolutionandDissolution;whichlastprocess

weleaveforthepresentoutofconsideration。Hewillnotforgetthatwhatever

aspectofitweareforthemomentconsidering，Evolutionisalwaystobe

regardedasanintegrationofMatteranddissipationofMotion，whichmay

be，andusuallyis，accompaniedbyothertransformationsofMatterandMotion。

Andhewilleverywhereexpecttofindthattheprimaryre—distributionends

informingaggregateswhicharesimplewhereitisrapid，butwhichbecome

compoundinproportionasitsslownessallowstheeffectsofsecondaryre—distributionstoaccumulate。§106。Thereismuchdifficultyintracingouttransformationsso

vast，sovaried，andsointricateasthosenowtobeenteredupon。Besides

havingtodealwithconcretephenomenaofallorders，wehavetodealwith

eachgroupofphenomenaunderseveralaspects，nooneofwhichcanbefully

understoodapartfromtherestandnooneofwhichcanbestudiedsimultaneously

withtherest。AlreadywehaveseenthatduringEvolutiontwogreatclasses

ofchangesaregoingontogether;andweshallpresentlyseethatthesecond

ofthesegreatclassesisre—divisible。Entangledwithoneanotherasall

thesechangesare，explanationofanyoneclassororderinvolvesdirect

orindirectreferencetoothersnotyetexplained。Wecandonomorethanmakethebestcompromise。###第24章Itwillbemostconvenienttodevotethenextchaptertoadetailedaccount

ofEvolutionunderitsprimaryaspect;tacitlyrecognizingitssecondaryaspectsonlysofarastheexpositionnecessitates。Thesucceedingtwochapters，occupiedexclusivelywithsecondaryre—distributions，

willmakenoreferencetotheprimaryre—distributionbeyondthatwhichis

unavoidable:eachbeingalsolimitedtooneparticulartraitofthesecondaryre—distributions。Inafurtherchapterwillbetreatedathird，andstillmoredistinct，

characterofthesecondaryre—distributions。

Chapter14TheLawofEvolution§107。Deductionhasnowtobeverifiedbyinduction。Thusfarthe

argumenthasbeenthatallsensibleexistencesmust，insomewayorother

andatsometimeorother，reachtheirconcreteshapesthroughprocesses

ofconcentration;andthefactsnamedhavebeennamedmerelytoclarifythe

perceptionofthisnecessity。Butwehavenotarrivedatthatunifiedknowledge

constitutingPhilosophy，untilwehaveseenhowexistencesofallorders

doexhibitaprogressiveintegrationofMatterandaccompanyinglossofMotion。

Tracing，sofaraswemaybyobservationandinference，theobjectsdealt

withbytheAstronomerandtheGeologist，aswellasthosewhichBiology，

Psychology，andSociologytreatof，wehavetoconsiderwhatdirectproofthereisthattheCosmos，ingeneralandindetail，conformstothislaw。Throughouttheclassesoffactssuccessivelycontemplated，attentionwill

bedirectednotsomuchtothetruththateveryaggregatehasundergone，

orisundergoing，integration，astothefurthertruththatineverymore

orlessseparatepartofeveryaggregate，integrationhasbeen，oris，in

progress。Insteadofsimplewholesandwholesofwhichthecomplexityhas

beenignored，wehavenowtodealwithwholesastheyactuallyexist——mostly

madeupofmanymemberscombinedinmanyways。Andinthemweshallhave

totracethetransformationunderseveralforms——apassageofthetotal

massfromamorediffusedtoamoreconsolidatedstate;aconcurrentsimilar

passageineveryportionofitthatcomestohaveadistinguishableindividuality;andasimultaneousincreaseofcombinationamongsuchindividualizedportions。§108。OurSiderealSystembyitsgeneralform，byitsclustersof

starsofvariousdegreesofcloseness，andbyitsnebulaeinallstagesof

condensation，givesgroundsforsuspectingthat，generallyandlocally，concentration

isgoingon。Assumethatitsmatterhasbeen，andstillisbeing，drawntogether

bygravitation，andwehaveanexplanationofitsleadingtraitsofstructure

——fromitssolidifiedmassesuptoitscollectionsofattenuatedflocculi

barelydiscerniblebythemostpowerfultelescopes，fromitsdoublestars

uptosuchcomplexaggregatesasthenubeculae。Withoutdwellingonthisevidence，however，letuspasstothecaseoftheSolarSystem。Thebelief，sovariouslysupported，thatthishashadanebulargenesis，

isthebeliefthatithasarisenbytheintegrationofmatterandconcomitant

lossofmotion。Evolution，underitsprimaryaspect，isillustratedmost

simplyandclearlybythispassageoftheSolarSystemfromadiffusedincoherent

statetoaconsolidatedcoherentstate。While，accordingtothenebularhypothesis，

therehasbeengoingonagradualconcentrationoftheSolarSystemasan

aggregate，therehasbeenasimultaneousconcentrationofeachpartially—independent

member。Thechangesofeveryplanetinpassingthroughitsstagesofnebulous

ring，gaseousspheroid，liquidspheroid，andspheroidexternallysolidified，

haveinessentials——dissipationofmotionandaggregationofmatter——

paralleledthechangesgonethroughbythegeneralmass;andthoseofevery

satellitehavedonethelike。Moreover，atthesametimethatthematter

ofthewhole，aswellasthematterofeachpartially—independentpart，has

beenthusintegrating，therehasbeenthefurtherintegrationimpliedby

increasingcombinationamongtheparts。Thesatellitesofeachplanetare

linkedwiththeirprimaryintoabalancedcluster，whiletheplanetsand

theirsatellitesformwiththeSun，acompoundgroupofwhichthemembers

aremorestronglyboundtogetherthanwerethefar—spreadportionsofthenebulousmediumoutofwhichtheyarose。Evenapartfromthenebularhypothesis，theSolarSystemfurnishesfacts

havingalikegeneralmeaning。Nottomakemuchofthemeteoricmatterperpetually

addedtotheEarth，andprobablytotheotherplanets，aswellas，inlarger

quantities，totheSun，itwillsufficetonametwogenerally—admittedinstances。

Theoneistheretardationofcometsbytheetherealmedium，andtheinferred

retardationofplanets——aprocesswhichmustintime，asLordKelvinargues，

bringcomets，andeventuallyplanets，intotheSun。TheotheristheSun\'s

still—continuedlossofmotionintheshapeofradiatedheat;accompanyingthestill—continuedintegrationofhismass。§109。Toastronomicevolutionwepasswithoutbreaktotheevolution

which，forconvenience，weseparateasgeologic。ThehistoryoftheEarth，

astracedoutfromthestructureofitscrust，carriesusbacktothatmolten

statewhichthenebularhypothesisimplies;and，asbeforepointedout（§69），

thechangescalledigneousareaccompanimentsoftheadvancingconsolidation

oftheEarth\'ssubstanceandlossofitscontainedmotion。Thegeneraleffectsandthelocaleffectsmustbebrieflyexemplified。Leavingbehindthetimewhenthemorevolatileelementsnowexistingas

solidswerekeptbythehightemperatureinagaseousform，wemaybegin

withthefactthatuntiltheEarth\'ssurfacehadcooledfarbelowredheat，

themassofwateratpresentcoveringthree—fifthsofit，musthaveexisted

asvapour。Thisenormousvolumeofunintegratedliquidbecameintegrated

asfastasdissipationoftheEarth\'scontainedmotionallowed;leaving，

atlength，acomparativelysmallportionuncondensed，whichwouldcondense

butfortheunceasingabsorptionofmolecularmotionfromtheSun。Inthe

formationoftheEarth\'scrustwehaveasimilarchangesimilarlycaused。

Thepassagefromathinsolidfilm，everywherefissuredandmovableonthe

subjacentmoltenmatter，toacrustsothickandstrongastobebutnow

andthenveryslightlydislocatedbydisturbingforces，illustratestheprocess。

Andwhile，inthissuperficialsolidification，weseeunderoneformhow

concentrationaccompanieslossofcontainedmotion，weseeitunderanotherforminthatdiminutionoftheEarth\'sbulkimpliedbysuperficialcorrugation。Localorsecondaryintegrationshaveadvancedalongwiththisgeneral

integration。Amoltenspheroidmerelyskinnedoverwithsolidmatter，could

havepresentednothingbeyondsmallpatchesoflandandwater。Differences

ofelevationgreatenoughtoformislandsofconsiderablesize，implyacrust

ofsomerigidity;andonlyasthecrustgrewthickcouldthelandbeunited

intocontinentsdividedbyoceans。So，too，withthemorestrikingelevations。

Thecollapseofathinlayerrounditscoolingandcontractingcontents，

wouldthrowitintolowridges。Thecrustmusthaveacquiredarelatively

greatdepthandstrengthbeforeextensivemountainsystemsofVastelevation

becamepossible:continuedintegrationofitmadepossiblegreatlocalintegrations。

Insedimentarychangesalikeprogressisinferable。Denudationactingon

thesmallsurfacesexposedduringearlystages，wouldproducebutsmalllocal

deposits。Thecollectionofdetritusintostrataofgreatextent，andthe

unionofsuchstrataintoextensive"systems，"implywidesurfaces

oflandandwater，aswellassubsidencesgreatinbothareaanddepth;so

thatintegrationsofthisordermusthavegrownmorepronouncedastheEarth\'scrustthickened。§110。Alreadywehaverecognizedthefactthattheevolutionofan

organismisprimarilytheformationofanaggregate，bythecontinuedincorporation

ofmatterpreviouslyspreadthroughawiderspace。Everyplantgrowsbytaking

intoitselfelementsthatwerebeforediffused，andeveryanimalgrowsby

re—concentratingtheseelementspreviouslydispersedinsurroundingplants

orotheranimals。Hereitwillbepropertocompletetheconceptionbypointing

outthattheearlyhistoryofaplantoranimal，stillmoreclearlythan

itslaterhistory，showsusthisfundamentalprocess。Forthemicroscopic

germofeachorganismundergoes，foralongtime，nootherchangethanthat

impliedbyabsorptionofnutriment。Cellsembeddedinthestromaofanovarium，

becomeovabylittleelsethancontinuedgrowthattheexpenseofadjacent

materials。Andwhen，afterfertilization，amoreactiveevolutioncommences，

itsmostconspicuoustraitisthedrawing—in，toagerminalcentre，ofthesubstancewhichtheovumcontains。Now，however，ourattentionmustbedirectedmainlytothesecondaryintegrations

whichaccompanytheprimaryintegration。Wehavetoobservehow，alongwith

theformationofalargermassofmatter，theregoesonagatheringtogether

andconsolidationofthismatterintoparts，aswellasaclosercombination

oftheparts。Inthemammalianembryotheheart，atfirstalongpulsating

blood—vessel，by—and—bytwistsuponitselfandintegrates。Thebile—cells

constitutingtherudimentaryliver，donotsimplybecomedifferentfromthe

walloftheintestineinwhichtheyatfirstlie，but，whileaccumulating，

theydivergefromitandconsolidateintoanorgan。Theanteriorportion

ofthecerebrospinalaxis，atfirstcontinuouswith。therest，andnotmarkedly

distinguishedfromit，undergoesaunionofitsrapidly—growingparts;and

atthesametimetheresultingheadfoldsintoamassmarkedofffromthe

spine。Thelikeprocess，variouslyexhibitedinotherorgans，ismeanwhile

exhibitedbythebodyasawhole;whichbecomesintegratedsomewhatinthe

samewaythatanoutspreadhandkerchiefanditscontentsbecomeintegrated

whenitsedgesaredrawninandfastenedtomakeabundle。Kindredchanges

goonafterbirth，andcontinueevenuptooldage。Inman，thatsolidification

ofthebonyframeworkwhich，duringchildhood，isseeninthecoalescence

ofportionsofthesameboneossifiedfromdifferentcentres，isafterwards

seeninthecoalescenceofbonesthatwereoriginallydistinct。Theappendages

ofthevertebraejoinwiththevertebralcentrestowhichtheybelong:a

changenotcompleteduntiltowardsthirty。Atthesametimetheepiphyses，

formedseparatelyfromthemainbodiesoftheirrespectivebones，havetheir

cartilaginousconnexionsturnedintoosseousones——arefusedtothemasses

beneaththem。Thecomponentvertebraofthesacrum，whichremainseparate

tillaboutthesixteenthyear，thenbegintounite;andintenoradozen

yearsmoretheirunioniscomplete。Stilllateroccursthejunctionofthe

coccygealvertebra;andtherearesomeotherbonyunionswhichremainunfinished

unlessadvancedageisreached。Towhichaddthattheincreaseofdensity，

goingonthroughoutthetissuesatlargeduringlife，istheformationofamorefullyintegratedsubstance。Thespeciesofchangethusillustrated，maybetracedinallanimals。

Thatmodeofitwhichconsistsintheunionofsimilarpartsoriginallyseparate，

hasbeendescribedbyMilne—Edwardsandothers，asexhibitedinvariousInvertebrata;

thoughitdoesnotseemtohavebeenincludedbythemasanessentialtrait

oforganicdevelopment。Weshall，however，seethatlocalintegrationis

anall—importantpartofthisprocess，whenwefinditnotonlyinthesuccessive

stagespassedthroughbyeveryembryo，butalsoinascendingfromthelower

creaturestothehigher。Asmanifestedineitherway，itgoesonbothlongitudinally

andtransversely;underwhichdifferentformswemayconvenientlyconsider

it。Oflongitudinalintegration，thesub—kingdomAnnulosa*<*Iadhere

tothisnamethoughoflateyearsthetwodivisionsAnnelidaandArthropoda

haveusurpeditsplace。Theirkinshipaslowerandhigherisadmitted，and

thenameisdescriptiveofboth;forthebeingformedofringsistheirmost

conspicuousstructuraltrait。>suppliesabundantexamples。Itslowermembers，

suchaswormsandnexttothemmyriapods，aremostlycharacterizedbythe

greatnumbersoftheirsegments;reachinginsomecasestoseveralhundreds。

Butinthehigherdivisions——crustaceans，insects，andarachnids——this

numberisreducedtotwenty—two，thirteen，orevenfewer;while，accompanying

thereduction，thereisashorteningorintegrationofthewholebody，reaching

itsextremeinthecrabandthespider。Thesignificanceofthesecontrasts，

asbearingonthedoctrineofEvolution，willbeclearwhenitisobserved

thattheyareparalleltothosewhichariseduringthedevelopmentofindividual

annuloseanimals。Theheadandthoraxofalobsterformonecompactbox，

madebytheunionofanumberofsegmentswhichintheembryowereseparable。

Similarly，thebutterflyshowsussegmentssomuchmorecloselyunitedthan

theywereinthecaterpillar，astobe，someofthem，nolongerdistinguishable

fromoneanother。TheVertebrataagain，throughouttheirsuccessivelyhigher

classes，furnishlikeinstancesoflongitudinalunion。Inmostfishes，and

inlimblessreptiles，noneofthevertebracoalesce。Inmostmammalsand

inbirds，avariablenumberofvertebrabecomefusedtoformthesacrum;

andinthehigherapesandinman，thecaudalvertebraalsolosetheirseparate

individualitiesinasingleoscoccygis。Thatwhichwemaydistinguishas

transverseintegration，iswellillustratedamongtheAnnulosainthedevelopment

ofthenervoussystem。Leavingoutthosemostdegradedformswhichdonot

presentdistinctganglia，wefindthatthelowerannuloseanimals，incommon

withthelarvaofthehigher，areseverallycharacterizedbyadoublechain

ofgangliarunningfromendtoendofthebody;whileinthemoreperfectly—formed

annuloseanimals，thetwochainsuniteintoasinglechain。Mr。Newporthas

describedthecourseofthisconcentrationininsects，andbyRathkeithas

beentracedincrustaceans。Duringtheearlystagesofthecommoncray—fish，

thereisapairofgangliatoeachring。Ofthefourteenpairsbelonging

totheheadandthorax，thethreepairsinadvanceofthemouthconsolidate

toformthecephalicganglionorbrain。Meanwhile，oftheremainder，the

firstsixpairsseverallyuniteinthemedianline，whiletherestremain

moreorlessseparate。Ofthesesixdoublegangliathusformed，theanterior

fourcoalesceintoonemass;theremainingtwocoalesceintoanothermass，

andthenthesetwomassescoalesce。Herelongitudinalandtransverseintegration

goonsimultaneouslyandinthehighestcrustaceanstheyarebothcarried

stillfurther。TheVertebrataexhibittransverseintegrationinthedevelopment

ofthegenerativesystem。Thelowestmammals——theMonotremata——incommon

withbirds，towhichtheyareinmanyrespectsallied，haveoviductswhich

towardstheirlowerextremitiesaredilatedintocavities，eachimperfectly

performingthefunctionofauterus。"IntheMarsupialiathereisa

closerapproximationofthetwolateralsetsoforgansonthemedianline:

fortheoviductsconvergetowardsoneanotherandmeet（withoutcoalescing）

onthemedianline;sothattheiruterinedilatationsareincontactwith

eachother，formingatrue\'doubleuterus。\'……Asweascendtheseriesof

\'placental\'mammals，wefindthelateralcoalescencebecomingmoreandcomplete……

InmanyoftheRodentiatheuterusstillremainscompletelydividedinto

twolateralhalves;whilstinothersthesecoalesceattheirlowerportions，

formingarudimentofthetrue\'body\'oftheuterusinthehumansubject。

Thispartincreasesattheexpenseofthelateral\'cornua\'inthehigher

herbivoraandcarnivora;buteveninthelowerquadrumanatheuterusissomewhatcleftatitssummit。"*<*Carpenter\'sPrin。ofComp。Phys。，p。617。>Undertheheadoforganicintegrations，thereremaintobenotedanother

classofillustrations。WhethertheAnnulosareferredtoaboveareorare

notoriginallycompoundanimals，itisunquestionablethattherearecompound

animalsamongotherclassesofinvertebrates:integrationisdisplayednot

withinthelimitsofanindividualonlybutbytheunionofmanyindividuals。

TheSalpidaearecompositecreatureshavingtheshapeofchainsjoinedmore

orlesspermanently;andPyrosomashowsusalargenumberunitedintoacylinder。

MoreoverintheBotryllidaethemergingoftheindividualitiesgoessofar

thatinsteadofhavingseparateskinstheyareenclosedwithinacommonskin。

AmongtheCaeienterataintegrationproduceshalf—fusedcoloniesoftypes

unlikethese。TherearethebranchedHydrozoainwhichmanyindividualsform

anaggregateinsuchawayastohaveacommonsystemofnutrition，while

someofthemundertakespecialfunctions;andmuchthesamemaybesaidof

thosecompoundActinozoawhichareimbeddedinthecalcareousframeworks

weknowascorals。Andthenincertainpelagictypes，groupedasSiphonophora，

theunitedindividuals，insomecasesalike，areinothercasesseverally

transformedinadaptationtovariousfunctions;sothatthecomponentindividuals，

assumingthecharactersofdifferentorgans，becomepracticallycombinedintoasingleorganism。Fromthiskindofintegrationwepasstoakindinwhichtheindividuals

arenotphysicallyunitedbutsimplyassociated——areintegratedonlyby

theirmutualdependence。Wemaysetdowntwokinds——thosewhichoccurwithin

thesamespecies，andthosewhichoccurbetweenmembersofdifferentspecies。

Moreorlessofthegregarioustendencyiscommonamonganimals;andwhen

itismarked，thereis，inadditiontosimpleaggregation，somedegreeof

combination。Creaturesthathuntinpacks，orthathavesentinels，orthat

aregovernedbyleaders，formbodiespartiallyunitedbyco—operation。Among

polygamousmammalsandbirdsthismutualdependenceiscloser;andthesocial

insectsshowusstillmoreconsolidatedassemblages:someofthemhaving

theirmemberssounitedthattheycannotliveindependentlyHoworganisms

intheirtotalityaremutuallydependent，andinthatsenseintegrated，we

shallseeonremembering——first，thatwhileallanimalslivedirectlyor

indirectlyonplants，plantsutilizethecarbondioxideexcretedbyanimals;

second，thatamonganimalstheflesh—eaterscannotexistwithouttheplant—eaters;

third，thatalargeproportionofplantscancontinuetheirrespectiveraces

onlybythehelpofinsects。Withoutdetailingthemorecomplexconnexions，

whichMr。Darwinhassobeautifullyillustrated，itwillsufficetosaythat

theFloraandFaunaineachhabitat，constituteanaggregatesofarintegrated

thatmanyofitsspeciesdieoutifplacedamidtheplantsandanimalsof

anotherhabitat。Andthisintegration，too，increasesasorganicevolutionadvances。§111。Thephenomenasetdownintheforegoingparagraphintroduce

ustoothersofahigherorder，withwhichtheyought，instrictness，to

begrouped—phenomenawhichwemaytermsuper—organic。Inorganicbodiespresent

uswithcertainfacts。Additionalfacts，mostlyofamoreinvolvedkind，

arepresentedbyorganicbodies。Thereremainyetfurtherfacts，notpresented

byanyorganicbodytakensingly，butwhichresultfromtheactionsofaggregated

organicbodes。Thoughphenomenaofthisorderare，aswesee，foreshadowed

amonginferiororganisms，theybecomesoconspicuousinmankindassociallyunited，thatpracticallywemayconsiderthemtocommencehere。Inthesocialorganismintegrativechangesareabundantlyexemplified。

Uncivilizedsocietiesdisplaythemwhenwanderingfamilies，suchasthose

ofBushmen，joinintotribesofconsiderablesize。Afurtherprogressin

massresultsfromthesubjugationofweaktribesbystrongones;andinthe

subordinationoftheirrespectivechiefstotheconqueringchief。Suchcombinations

which，amongaboriginalraces，arecontinuallybeingformedandcontinually

brokenup，become，amongsuperiorraces，relativelypermanent。Ifwetrace

thestagesthroughwhichourownsociety，oranyadjacentone，haspassed，

weseethisunificationfromtimetotimerepeatedonalargerscaleand

gaininginstabilityTheconsequentestablishmentofgroupsofvassalsbound

totheirrespectivelords;thesubsequentsubjectionofgroupsofinferior

noblestodukesorearls;andthestilllatergrowthofthekinglypower

overdukesandearls;aresomanyinstancesofincreasingconsolidation。

Thisprocessslowlycompletesitselfbydestroyingtheoriginallinesof

demarcation。AndoftheEuropeannationsitmaybefurtherremarked，that

inthetendencytoformalliances，intherestraininginfluencesexercised

bygovernmentsoveroneanother，inthesystemofsettlinginternational

arrangementsbycongresses，aswellasintheweakeningofcommercialbarriers

andtheincreasingfacilitiesofcommunication，weseethebeginningsofaEuropeanfederation——astilllargerintegrationthatanynowestablished。Butitisnotonlyintheseexternalunionsofgroupswithgroups，and

ofthecompoundgroupswithoneanother，thatthegenerallawisexemplified。

Itisexemplifiedalsoinunionswhichtakeplaceinternally，asthegroups

becomebetterorganized。Therearetwoordersofthese，broadlydistinguishable

asregulativeandoperative。Acivilizedsocietyismadeunlikeasavage

tribebytheestablishmentofregulativeclasses—governmental，administrative，

military，ecclesiastical，legal，etc。，which，whiletheyseverallyhavetheir

bondsofunion，constitutingthemsub—classes，arealsoheldtogetheras

ageneralclassbyacertaincommunityofprivileges，ofblood，ofeducation，

ofintercourse。Insomesocieties，fullydevelopedaftertheirparticular

types，thisconsolidationintocastes，andthisunionamongtheuppercastes

byseparationfromthelowereventuallygrowverydecided:tobeafterwards

renderedlessdecided，onlyincasesofsocialmetamorphosiscausedbythe

industrialrégime。Theintegrationsseenthroughouttheoperative

orindustrialorganization，laterinorigin，arenotmerelyofthisindirect

kind，buttheyarealsodirect——theyshowusphysicalapproach。Wehave

integrationsconsequentonthegrowthsofadjacentpartsperforminglike

functions;as，forinstance，thejunctionofManchesterwithitscalico—weaving

suburbs。Wehaveotherintegrationswhicharisewhen，outofseveralplaces

producingaparticularcommodity，onegainingmoreandmoreofthebusiness，

drawstoitmastersandworkers，andleavestheotherplacestodwindle;

aswitnessthegrowthoftheYorkshirecloth—districtsattheexpenseof

thoseintheWestofEngland;ortheabsorptionbyStaffordshireofthepottery—manufacture，

andtheconsequentdecayofestablishmentsatDerbyandelsewhere。Wehave

thosemorespecialintegrationsthatarisewithinthesamecity;whenceresult

theconcentrationofcorn—merchantsaboutMarkLane，ofcivilengineersin

GreatGeorgeStreet，ofbankersinthecentreofthecity。Industrialintegrations

whichconsist，notintheapproximationorfusionofparts，butintheestablishment

ofcentresofconnexion，areshownintheBankers\'clearing—houseandthe

Railwayclearing—house。Whileofyetanotherspeciesarethoseunionswhich

bringintorelationdispersedcitizenswhoareoccupiedinlikeways;as

tradersarebroughtbytheExchange，andasareprofessionalmenbyinstituteslikethoseofCivilEngineers，Architects，etc。###第25章Theseseemtobethelastofourinstances。Havingfollowedupthegeneral

lawtosocialaggregates，thereapparentlyremainnootheraggregatesto

whichitcanapply。This，however，isnottrue。Amongwhatwereabovedistinguished

assuper—organicphenomena，therearesundryfurthergroupsofremarkable

illustrations。Thoughevolutionsofthevariousproductsofsocialactivities

cannotbesaiddirectlytoexemplifytheintegrationofmatteranddissipation

ofmotion，yettheyexemplifyitindirectly。FortheprogressofLanguage，

ofScience，andoftheArts，industrialandaesthetic，isanobjectiveregister

ofsubjectivechanges。Alterationsofstructureinhumanbeings，andconcomitant

alterationsofstructureinaggregatesofhumanbeings，jointlyproducecorresponding

alterationsofstructureinallthosethingswhichhumanitycreates。Asin

thechangedimpressonthewax，wereadachangeintheseal;sointheintegrations

ofadvancingLanguage，Science，andArt，weseereflectedcertainintegrations

ofadvancinghumanstructure，individualandsocial。Asectionmustbedevotedtoeachgroup。§112。Amonguncivilizedraces，themany—syllablednamesofnotuncommon

objects，aswellasthedescriptivecharacterofpropernames，showthat

thewordsusedfortheless—familiarthingsareformedbyunitingthewords

usedforthemore—familiarthings。Thisprocessofcompositionissometimes

foundinitsincipientstage——astageinwhichthecomponentwordsare

temporarilyjoinedtosignifysomeunnamedobject，and，fromlackoffrequent

use，donotpermanentlycohere。Butinmostinferiorlanguages，theprocess

of"agglutination"hasgonefarenoughtoproducesomestability

inthecompoundwords:thereisamanifestintegration。Howsmallisthis

integration，however，incomparisonwiththatreachedinwell—developedlanguages，

isshownbothbythegreatlengthofthecompoundwordsusedforcommonthings

andacts，andbytheseparablenessoftheirelements。CertainNorth—American

tonguesillustratethisverywell。InaRicareevocabularyextendingtofifty

namesofcommonobjects，whichinEnglisharenearlyallexpressedbysingle

syllables，thereisnotonemonosyllabicword。Thingssofamiliartothese

huntingtribesasdogandbow，are，inthePawneelanguage，ashakishand

teeragish;thehandandtheeyesarerespectivelyiksheereeandkeereekoo。

fordaythetermisshakoorooeeshairet，andfordevilitistsaheekshkakooraiwah。

whilethenumeralsarecomposedoffromtwosyllablesuptofive，andin

Ricareeuptoseven。Thatthegreatlengthofthesefamiliarwordsimplies

lowdevelopment，andthatintheformationofhigherlanguagesoutoflower

thereisagradualintegration，whichreducesthepolysyllablestodissyllables

andmonosyllables，isaninferenceconfirmedbythehistoryofourownlanguage。

Anglo—SaxonsteorrahasbeenincourseoftimeconsolidatedintoEnglish

star，monaintomoon，andnamaintoname。Thetransitionthroughsemi—Saxon

isclearlytraceable。Sunubecameinsemi—Saxonsune，andinEnglishson;

thefinaleofsunebeinganevanescentformoftheoriginalu。Thechange

fromtheAnglo—Saxonplural，formedbythedistinctsyllableas，toourplural

formedbytheappendedconsonants，showsthesamething:smithasinbecoming

smiths，andendasinbecomingends，illustrateprogressivecoalescence。So，

toodoesthedisappearanceoftheterminalanintheinfinitivemoodofverbs;

asshowninthetransitionfromtheAnglo—Saxoncumantothesemi—Saxoncumme，

andtotheEnglishcome。Moreovertheprocesshasbeenslowlygoingon，even

sincewhatwedistinguishasEnglishwasformed。InElizabeth\'stime，verbs

werestillfrequentlypluralizedbytheadditionofen——wetellwaswe

tellen;andinsomeplacesthisformofspeechmayevennowbeheard。In

likemannertheterminaledofthepasttense，hasunitedwiththewordit

modifies。Burn—edhasinpronunciationbecomeburnt;andeveninwriting，

theterminalthasinsomecasestakentheplaceoftheed。Onlywhereantique

formsingeneralareadheredto，asinthechurch—service，isthedistinctness

ofthisinflectionstillmaintained。Further，weseethatthecompoundvowels

havebeeninmanycasesfusedintosinglevowels。Thatinbreadtheeand

awereoriginallybothsounded，isprovedbythefactthattheyarestill

sosoundedinpartswhereoldhabitslinger。We，howeverhavecontracted

thepronunciationintobred;andwehavemadelikechangesinmanyother

commonwords。Lastly，letitbenotedthatwheretherepetitionisgreatest，

theprocessiscarriedfurthest;asinstancethecontractionoflord（originally

hlaford）intoludinthemouthsofbarristers;and，stillbetter，thecoalescenceofGodbewithyouintoGoodbye。Besidesthusexhibitingtheintegrativeprocess，Languageequallyexhibits

itthroughoutallgrammaticaldevelopment。Thelowestkindsofhumanspeech，

havingmerelynounsandverbswithoutinflections，permitnosuchcloseunion

oftheelementsofapropositionasresultswhentheirrelationsaremarked

eitherbyinflectionsorbyconnectivewords。Suchspeechiswhatwesignificantly

call"incoherent。"Toaconsiderableextent，incoherenceisseen

intheChineselanguage。"If，insteadofsayingIgotoLondon，figs

comefromTurkey，thesunshinesthroughtheair，wesaid，IgoendLondon，

figscomeoriginTurkey，thesunshinespassageair，weshoulddiscourse

afterthemanneroftheChinese。"Fromthis"aptotic"form，

thereisatransition，bycoalescence，toaforminwhichtheconnexions

ofwordsareexpressedbyjoiningwiththemcertaininflectionalwords。"In

LanguagesliketheChinese，"remarksDr。Latham，"theseparate

wordsmostinusetoexpressrelationmaybecomeadjunctsorannexes。"

Tothisheaddsthefactthat"thenumerousinflexionallanguagesfall

intotwoclasses。Inone，theinflexionshavenoappearanceofhavingbeen

separatewords。Intheother，theiroriginasseparatewordsisdemonstrable。"

Fromwhichtheinferencedrawnis，thatthe"aptotic"languages，

bythemoreandmoreconstantuseofadjuncts，gaverisetothe"agglutinate"

languages，orthoseinwhichtheoriginalseparatenessoftheinflexional

partscanbetraced;andthatoutofthese，byfurtheruse，arosethe"amalgamate"

languages，orthoseinwhichtheoriginalseparatenessoftheinflexional

partscannolongerbetraced。Stronglycorroborativeofthisinferenceis

thefactthat，bysuchaprocess，therehavegrownoutoftheamalgamate

languages，the"anaptotic"languages，ofwhichourownisthebest

example——languagesinwhich，byfurtherconsolidation，inflexionshave

almostdisappeared，while，toexpresstheverbalrelations，newkindsof

wordshavebeendeveloped。WhenweseetheAnglo—Saxoninflexionsgradually

lostbycontractionduringthedevelopmentofEnglish，and，thoughtoaless

degree，theLatininflexionsdwindlingawayduringthedevelopmentofFrench，

wecannotdenythatgrammaticalstructureismodifiedbyintegration;and

seeinghowclearlytheearlierstagesofgrammaticalstructureareexplainedbyit，wemustconcludethatithasbeengoingonfromthefirst。Inproportiontothedegreeofthisintegration，istheextenttowhich

integrationofanotherorderiscarried。Aptoticlanguagesare，asalready

pointedout，necessarilyincoherent——theelementsofapropositioncannot

becompletelytiedintoawhole。Butasfastascoalescenceproducesinflected

words，itbecomespossibletounitethemintosentencesofwhichtheparts

aresomutuallydependentthatnoconsiderablechangecanbemadewithout

destroyingthemeaning。Yetafurtherstageinthisprocessmaybenoted。

Afterthedevelopmentofthosegrammaticalformswhichmakedefinitestatements

possible，wedonotatfirstfindthemusedtoexpressanythingbeyondstatements

ofasimplekind。Asinglesubjectwithasinglepredicate，accompaniedby

butfewqualifyingterms，areusuallyall。Ifwecompare，forinstance，the

Hebrewscriptureswithwritingsofmoderntimes，amarkeddifferenceofaggregation

amongthegroupsofwords，isvisible。Inthenumberofsubordinatepropositions

whichaccompanytheprincipalone;inthevariouscomplementstosubjects

andpredicates;andinthenumerousqualifyingclauses——allofthemunited

intoonecomplexwhole——manysentencesinmoderncompositionsexhibitadegreeofintegrationnottobefoundinancientones。§113。ThehistoryofSciencepresentsfactsofthesamemeaningat

everystep。Indeedtheintegrationofgroupsoflikeentitiesandlikerelations，

constitutesthemostconspicuouspartofscientificprogress。Aglanceat

theclassificatorysciences，showsthattheconfusedincoherentaggregations

whichthevulgarmakeofnaturalobjects，aregraduallyrenderedcomplete

andcompact，andboundupintogroupswithingroups。While，insteadofconsidering

allmarinecreaturesasfish，shell—fish，andjellyfish，Zoologyestablishes

amongthemsubdivisionsundertheheadsVertebrata，Annulosa，Mollusca，Coelenterata，

etc。;andwhile，inplaceofthewideandvagueassemblagepopularlydescribed

as"creepingthings，"itmakesthespecificclassesAnnelida，Myiiapoda，

Insecta，Arachnida;itsimultaneouslygivestotheseanincreasingconsolidation。

Theseveralspecies，genera，andordersofwhicheachconsists，arearranged

accordingtotheiraffinitiesandtiedtogetherundercommondefinitions;

atthesametimethat，byextendedobservationandrigorouscriticism，the

previouslyunknownandundeterminedformsareintegratedwiththeirrespective

congeners。Noristheprocesslessclearlydisplayedinthosescienceswhich

havefortheirsubject—matter，notclassifiedobjectsbutclassifiedrelations。

Underoneofitschiefaspects，scientificadvanceistheadvanceofgeneralization;

andgeneralizingisunitingintogroupsalllikeco—existencesandsequences

amongphenomena。Thecolligationofmanyconcreterelationsintoageneralization

ofthelowestorder，exemplifiesthisprocessinitssimplestform;andit

isagainexemplifiedinamorecomplexformbythecolligationoftheselowest

generalizationsintohigherones，andtheseintostillhigherones。Year

byyearconnexionsareestablishedamongordersofphenomenathatappear

unallied;andtheseconnexions，multiplyingandstrengthening，gradually

bringtheseeminglyunalliedordersunderacommonbond。When，forexample，

HumboldtquotestheobservationoftheSwiss——"itisgoingtorain

becausewehearthemurmurofthetorrentsnearer，"——whenherecognizes

thekinshipbetweenthisandanobservationofhisown，thatthecataracts

oftheOrinocoareheardatagreaterdistancebynightthanbyday——when

henotestheanalogybetweenthesefactsandthefactthattheunusualvisibility

ofremoteobjectsisalsoanindicationofcomingrain——andwhenhepoints

outthatthecommoncauseofthesevariationsisthesmallerhindranceoffered

tothepassageofbothlightandsound，bymediawhicharecomparatively

homogeneous，eitherintemperatureorhygrometricstate;hehelpsinbringing

underonegeneralizationcertaintraitsoflightandcertaintraitsofsound。

Experimentshavingshownthatlightandsoundconformtolikelawsofreflection

andrefraction，theconclusionthattheyarebothproducedbyundulations

——thoughundulationsofunlikekinds——gainsprobability:thereisanincipient

integrationoftwoclassesoffactsbetweenwhichnoconnexionwassuspected

intimespast。Astillmoredecidedintegrationhasbeenoflatetakingplace

betweentheonceindependentsub—sciencesofElectricity，Magnetism，andLight。Theprocesswillmanifestlybecarriedmuchfurther。Suchpropositions

asthosesetforthinprecedingchapters，on"ThePersistenceofForce，"

"TheTransformationandEquivalenceofForces，""TheDirection

ofMotion，"and"TheRhythmofMotion，"unitewithinsingle

bondsphenomenabelongingtoallordersofexistences。Andifthereissuch

athingasthatwhichwehereunderstandbyPhilosophy，theremusteventuallybereachedauniversalintegration。§114。NordotheindustrialandaestheticArtsfailtosupplyus

withequallyconclusiveevidence。Theprogressfromsmallandsimpletools，

tocomplexandlargemachines，isaprogressinintegration。Amongwhatare

classedasthemechanicalpowers，theadvancefromthelevertothewheel—and—axle

isanadvancefromasimpleagenttoanagentmadeupofseveralsimpleones。

Oncomparingthewheel—and—axle，oranyofthemechanicalappliancesused

inearlytimeswiththoseusednow，weseethatineachofourmachinesseveral

oftheprimitivemachinesareunited。Amodernapparatusforspinningor

weaving，formakingstockingsorlace，containsnotsimplyalever，aninclined

plane，ascrew，awheel—and—axle，joinedtogether，butseveralofeach——

allmadeintoawhole。Again，inearlyages，whenhorsepowerandman—power

werealoneemployed，themotiveagentwasnotboundupwiththetoolmoved;

butthetwohavenowbecomeinmanycasesjoinedtogether。Thefireboxand

boilerofalocomotivearecombinedwiththemachinerywhichthesteamworks。

Amuchmoreextensiveintegrationisseenineveryfactory。Herenumerous

complicatedmachinesareallconnectedbydrivingshaftswiththesamesteam—engine——allunitedwithitintoonevastapparatus。ContrastthemuraldecorationsoftheEgyptiansandAssyrianswithmodern

historicalpaintings，andthereismanifestanadvanceinunityofcomposition

——inthesubordinationofthepartstothewhole。Oneoftheseancientfrescoes

ismadeupoffigureswhichvarybutlittleinconspicuousness:thereare

nogradationsoflightandshade。Thesametraitmaybenotedinthetapestries

ofmedievaldays。Representingperhapsahuntingscene，oneofthesecontains

men，horses，dogs，beasts，birds，trees，andflowers，miscellaneouslydispersed:

thelivingobjectsbeingvariouslyoccupied，andmostlywithnoapparent

consciousnessofoneanother\'sproximity。Butinpaintingssinceproduced，

faultyasmanyofthemareinthisrespect，thereisalwayssomeco—ordination

——anarrangementofattitudes，expressions，lights，andcolours，suchas

tocombinethepartsintoasinglescene;andthesuccesswithwhichunityofeffectiseducedfromvarietyofcomponents，isachieftestofmerit。Inmusic，progressiveintegrationisdisplayedinmorenumerousways。

Thesimplecadenceembracingbutafewnotes，whichinthechantsofsavages

ismonotonouslyrepeated，becomes，amongcivilizedraces，alongseriesof

differentmusicalphrasescombinedintoonewhole;andsocompleteisthe

integrationthatthemelodycannotbebrokenoffinthemiddle，norshorn

ofitsfinalnote，withoutgivingusapainfulsenseofincompleteness。When

totheair，abass，atenor，andanaltoareadded;andwhentothedifferent

voice—partsthereisjoinedanaccompaniment;weseeintegrationsofanother

orderwhichgrowgraduallymoreelaborate。Andtheprocessiscarriedastage

higherwhenthesecomplexsolos，concertedpieces，choruses，andorchestral

effects，arecombinedintothevastensembleofanoratoriooramusicaldrama。OncemoretheArtsofliterarydelineation，narrativeanddramatic，furnish

uswithillustrations。Thetalesofprimitivetimes，likethosewithwhich

thestorytellersoftheEaststillamusetheirlisteners，aremadeupof

successiveoccurrences，mostlyunnatural，thathavenonaturalconnexions:

theyarebutsomanyseparateadventuresputtogetherwithoutnecessarysequence。

Butinagoodmodernworkofimagination，theeventsaretheproperproducts

ofthecharacterslivingundergivenconditions;andcannotatwillbechanged

intheirorderorkind，withoutinjuringordestroyingthegeneraleffect。

Further，thecharactersthemselves，whichinearlyfictionsplaytheirrespective

partswithoutshowinghowtheirmindsaremodifiedbyoneanotherorbythe

events，arenowpresentedtousasheldtogetherbycomplexmoralrelations，andasactingandreactingononeanother\'snatures。§115。Evolution，then，underitsprimaryaspect，isachangefrom

alesscoherentformtoamorecoherentform，consequentonthedissipation

ofmotionandintegrationofmatter。Thisistheuniversalprocessthrough

whichsensibleexistences，individuallyandasawhole，passduringtheascending

halvesoftheirhistories。Thisprovestobeacharacterdisplayedinthose

earliestchangeswhichthevisibleUniverseissupposedtohaveundergone，

andinthoselatestchangeswhichwetraceinsocietiesandtheproducts

ofsociallife。And，throughout，theunificationproceedsinseveralwayssimultaneously。AlikeduringtheevolutionoftheSolarSystem，ofaplanet，ofanorganism，

ofanation，thereisprogressiveaggregation。Thismaybeshownbytheincreasing

densityofthematteralreadycontainedinit;orbythedrawingintoit

ofmatterthatwasbeforeseparate:orbyboth。Butinanycaseitimplies

alossofrelativemotion。Atthesametime，thepartsintowhichthemass

hasdivided，severallyconsolidateinlikemanner。Weseethisinthatformation

ofplanetsandsatelliteswhichhasgoneonalongwiththeprogressiveconcentration

ofthenebulathatoriginatedtheSolarSystem;weseeitinthatgrowth

ofseparateorganswhichadvances，paripassu，withthegrowthofeachorganism;

weseeitinthatriseofspecialindustrialcentresandspecialmassesof

population，whichisassociatedwiththedevelopmentofeachsociety。Always

moreorlessoflocalintegrationaccompaniesthegeneralintegration。And

then，beyondtheincreasedclosenessofjuxtapositionamongthecomponents

ofthewhole，andamongthecomponentsofeachpart，thereisincreaseof

combination，producingmutualdependenceofthem。Dimlyforeshadowedasthis

mutualdependenceisamonginorganicexistences，bothcelestialandterrestrial，

itbecomesdistinctamongorganicandsuper—organicexistences。Fromthe

lowestlivingformsupwards，thedegreeofdevelopmentismarkedbythedegree

inwhichtheseveralpartsconstituteaco—operativeassemblage——areintegrated

intoagroupoforgansthatliveforandbyoneanother。Thelikecontrast

betweenundevelopedanddevelopedsocietiesisconspicuous:thereisanever—increasing

coordinationofparts。Andthesamethingholdstrueofsocialproducts，

as，forinstance，ofScience;whichhasbecomehighlyintegratednotonly

inthesensethateachdivisionismadeupofdependentpropositions，but

inthesensethattheseveraldivisionscannotcarryontheirrespective

investigationswithoutaidfromoneanother。

Chapter15

TheLawofEvolution（continued）§116。Changesgreatintheiramountsandvariousintheirkinds，

whichaccompanythosedealtwithinthelastchapter，havethusfarbeen

ignored;or，iftacitlyrecognized，havenotbeenavowedlyrecognized。Integration

ofeachwholehasbeendescribedastakingplacesimultaneouslywithintegration

ofeachofthepartsintowhichitdividesitself。Buthowcomesthewhole

todivideitselfintoparts？Thisisatransformationmoreremarkablethan

thepassageofthewholefromanincoherenttoacoherentstate;andaformulawhichsaysnothingaboutitomitsmorethanhalfthephenomenatobeformulated。Thislargerhalfofthephenomenawehavenowtotreat。Hereweareconcerned

withthose。secondaryre—distributionsofmatterandmotionwhichgoonalong

withtheprimaryre—distribution。Wesawthatwhileinveryincoherentaggregates，

secondaryredistributionsproducebutevanescentresults，inaggregatesthat

reachandmaintainacertainmediumstate，neitherveryincoherentnorvery

coherent，resultsofarelativelypersistentkindareproduced——structural

modifications。Andournextinquirymustbe——Whatistheuniversalexpressionforthesestructuralmodifications？Alreadyanimpliedanswerhasbeengivenbythetitle——CompoundEvolution。

AlreadyindistinguishingassimpleEvolution，thatintegrationofmatter

anddissipationofmotionwhichisunaccompaniedbysecondaryre—distributions，

ithasbeentacitlyassertedthatwheresecondaryre—distributionsoccur

complexityarises;themass，insteadofremaininguniform，musthavebecome

multiform。Thepropositionisanidenticalone。Tosaythatalongwiththe

primaryre—distributiontheregosecondaryre—distributions，istosaythat

alongwiththechangefromadiffusedtoaconcentratedstate，theregoes

achangefromahomogeneousstatetoaheterogeneousstate。Thecomponents

ofthemasswhilebecomingintegratedhavealsobecomedifferentiated。*

<*Thetermshereusedmustbeunderstoodinrelativesenses。Sincewe

knowofnosuchthingasabsolutediffusionorabsoluteconcentration，the

changecanneverbeanythingbutachangefromamorediffusedtoaless

diffusedstate——fromsmallercoherencetogreatercoherence;and，similarly，

asnoconcreteexistencespresentuswithabsolutesimplicity——asnothing

isperfectlyuniform——aswenowherefindcompletehomogeneity，thetransformation

isliterallyalwaystowardsgreatercomplexityorincreasedmultiformityorfurtherheterogeneity。Thisqualificationthereadermustbearinmind。>This，then，isthesecondaspectunderwhichwehavetostudyEvolution。

Inthelastchapterwecontemplatedexistencesofallordersasdisplaying

progressiveintegration。Inthischapterwehavetocontemplatethemasdisplayingprogressivedifferentiation。§117。AgrowingvarietyofstructurethroughoutourSiderealSystem，

isimpliedbythecontrastswhichindicateaggregationthroughoutit。We

havenebulaethatarediffusedandirregular，andothersthatarespiral，

annular，spherical。Wehavegroupsofstarsthemembersofwhicharescattered，

andgroupsconcentratedinalldegreesdowntoclosely—packedglobularclusters。

Wehavethesegroupsdifferinginthenumbersoftheirmembers，fromthose

containingseveralthousandstarstothosecontainingbuttwo。Amongindividual

starstherearegreatcontrasts，realaswellasapparent，ofsize;andfrom

theirunlikecolours，aswellasfromtheirunlikespectra，manycontrasts

amongtheirphysicalstatesareinferable。Beyondwhichheterogeneitiesin

detailtherearegeneralheterogeneities。Nebulaearenumerousinsomeregions

oftheheavens，whileinothersthereareonlystars。Herethecelestial

spacesarealmostvoidofobjects，andthereweseedenseaggregations，nebularandstellartogether。ThematterofourSolarSystemduringitsintegrationhasbecomemore

multiform。Theconcentratinggaseousspheroid，dissipatingitscontained

molecularmotion，acquiringmoremarkedunlikenessofdensityandtemperature

betweeninteriorandexterior，andleavingbehindfromtimetotimeannular

portionsofitsmass，underwentdifferentiationswhichincreasedinnumber

anddegree，untiltherewasevolvedtheexistingorganizedgroupofSun，

planets，andsatellites。Theheterogeneityofthisisvariouslydisplayed。

TherearetheimmensecontrastsbetweentheSunandtheplanets，inbulk

andinweight;aswellasthesubordinatecontrastsoflikekindbetween

oneplanetandanother，andbetweentheplanetsandtheirsatellites。There

isthefurthercontrastbetweentheSunandtheplanetsinrespectoftemperature;