第28章

andsoislessheterogeneousthanapaintingwhich，introducingtheprimary

coloursbutsparingly，employsanendlessvarietyofintermediatetints，

eachofheterogeneouscomposition，anddifferingfromtherestnotonlyin

qualitybutinstrength。Moreover，theseearliestworksmanifestgreatuniformity

ofconception。Inancientsocietiesthemodesofrepresentationweresofixed

thatitwassacrilegetointroduceanovelty。InEgyptianandAssyrianbas—reliefs，

deities，kings，priests，attendants，winged—figuresandanimals，areinall

casesdepictedinlikepositions，specialtoeachclass，holdinglikeimplements，

doinglikethings，andwithlikeexpressionornon—expressionofface。If

apalm—groveisintroduced，allthetreesareofthesameheight，havethe

samenumberofleaves，andareequidistant。Whenwaterisimitated，each

waveisacounterpartoftherest;andthefish，almostalwaysofonekind，

areevenlydistributed。ThebeardsoftheAssyriankings，gods，andwinged—figures，

areeverywheresimilar;asarethemanesofthelions，andequallysothose

ofthehorses。Hairisrepresentedthroughoutbyoneformofcurl。Theking\'s

beardisbuiltupofcompoundtiersofuniformcurls，alternatingwithtwisted

tiersplacedtransverselyandarrangedwithperfectregularity;andtheterminal

tuftsofthebulls\'tailsarerepresentedinexactlythesamemanner。Without

tracingoutanalogoustraitsinearlyChristianart，inwhich，thoughless

striking，theyarestillvisible，theadvanceinheterogenitywillbesufficiently

manifestonrememberingthatinthepicturesofourowndaythecomposition

isendlesslyvaried;theattitudes，faces，expressions，unlike;thesubordinate

objectsdifferentinsize，form，position，texture。Or，ifwecomparean

Egyptianstatue，seateduprightonablock，withhandsonknees，fingers

outspreadandparallel，eyeslookingstraightforward，andthetwosides

perfectlysymmetrical，withastatueoftheadvancedGreekorthemodern

school，whichisasymmetricalinrespectofthepositionofthehead，the

body，thelimbs，thearrangementofthehair，dress，appendages，andinits

relationstoneighbouringobjects，weseethechangefromthehomogeneoustotheheterogeneousclearlymanifested。§125。Intheco—ordinateoriginandgradualdifferentiationofPoetry，

Music，andDancing，wehaveanotherseriesofillustrations。Rhythminspeech，

rhythminsound，andrhythminmotion，wereinthebeginning，partsofthe

samething。Amongexistingbarbaroustribeswefindthemstillunited。The

dancesofsavagesareaccompaniedbysomekindofmonotonouschant，theclapping

ofhands，thestrikingofrudeinstruments:therearemeasuredmovements，

measuredwords，andmeasuredtones;andthewholeceremony，usuallyhaving

referencetowarorsacrifice，isofgovernmentalcharacter。Theearlyrecords

ofthehistoricracessimilarlyshowthesethreeformsofmetricalaction

unitedinreligiousfestivals。IntheHebrewwritingswereadthatthetriumphal

odecomposedbyMosesonthedefeatoftheEgyptians，wassungtoanaccompaniment

ofdancingandtimbrels。TheIsraelitesdancedandsung"attheinauguration

ofthegoldencalf。Andasitisgenerallyagreedthatthisrepresentation

oftheDeitywasborrowedfromthemysteriesofApis，itisprobablethat

thedancingWascopiedfromthatoftheEgyptiansonthoseoccasions。"

TherewasanannualdanceinShilohonthesacredfestival;andDaviddanced

beforetheark。Again，inGreecethelikerelationexisted:theoriginal

typebeingthere，asprobablyinothercases，asimultaneouschantingand

mimeticrepresentationoftheachievementsofthegod。TheSpartandances

wereaccompaniedbyhymns;andingeneraltheGreekshad"nofestivals

orreligiousassembliesbutwhatwereaccompaniedwithsongsanddances"

——bothofthembeingformsofworshipusedbeforealtars。AmongtheRomans，

too，thereweresacreddances:theSalianandLupercalianbeingnamedas

ofthatkind。EvenintheearlyChristianchurch，dancesinthechoirat

festivals，occasionallyledbybishops，wereamongtheformsofworship，

andinsomeplacescontinueddowntothe18thcentury。Theincipientseparation

oftheseonceunitedartsfromeachotherandfromreligion，wasearlyvisible

inGreece。Probablydivergingfromdancespartlyreligious，partlywarlike，

astheCorybantian，camethewar—dancesproper，ofwhichtherewerevarious

kinds;andfromtheseresultedseculardances。MeanwhileMusicandPoetry，

thoughstilljoined，cametohaveanexistenceseparatefromdancing。The

primitiveGreekpoems，religiousinsubject，werenotrecitedbutchanted;

andthoughatfirstthechantofthepoetwasaccompaniedbythedanceof

thechorus，itultimatelygrewintoindependence。Laterstill，whenthepoem

hadbeendifferentiatedintoepicandlyric——whenitbecamethecustom

tosingthelyricandrecitetheepic—poetryproperwasborn。As，during

thesameperiod，musicalinstrumentswerebeingmultiplied，wemaypresume

thatmusiccametohaveanexistenceapartfromwords。Andbothofthemwere

beginningtoassumeotherformsthanthereligious。Factshavinglikeimplications

mightbecitedfromthehistoriesoflatertimesandpeoples:asthepractices

ofourAnglo—Saxon"gleemen"andCelticbards，whosangtothe

harpheroicnarrativesversifiedbythemselvestomusicoftheirowncomposition:

thusunitingthenowseparateofficesofpoet，composer，vocalist，andinstrumentalist。

ThecommonoriginandgradualdifferentiationofDancing，Poetry，andMusicisthussufficientlymanifest。Besidesbeingdisplayedintheseparationoftheseartsfromoneanother

andfromreligion，growingheterogeneityisalsodisplayedinthemultiplied

differentiationswhicheachofthemafterwardsundergoes。Justreferring

tothenumberlesskindsofdancingthathave，incourseoftime，comeinto

use，andtotheprogressofpoetry，asseeninthedevelopmentofthevarious

formsofmetre，ofrhyme，andofgeneralorganization，letusconfineour

attentiontomusicasatypeofthegroup。AsarguedbyDr。Burney，andas

impliedbythecustomsofextantsavages，thefirstmusicalinstrumentswere

percussive—sticks，calabashes，tom—toms——andwereusedsimplytomarkthe

timeofthedance。So，too，thevocalmusicofvarioussemi—civilizedraces

consistsofsimplephrasesendlesslyreiterated。Inthisconstantrepetition

ofthesamesoundsweseemusicinitsmosthomogeneousform。TheEgyptians

hadalyrewiththreestrings。TheearlylyreoftheGreekshadfour，constituting

theirtetrachord。Incourseofsomecenturieslyresofsevenandeightstrings

cametobeemployed。And，bytheexpirationofathousandyears，theyhad

advancedtotheir"greatsystem"ofthedoubleoctave。Through

allwhichchangesofcoursearoseagreaterheterogeneityofmelodyorrather

recitative。Simultaneouslycameintousethedifferentmodes——Dorian，Ionian，

Phrygian，AEolian，andLydian——answeringtoourkeys;andofthesethere

wereultimatelyfifteen。Asyet，however，therewasbutlittleheterogeneity

inthetimeoftheirmusic。Instrumentsbeingusedmerelytoaccompanythe

voice，thevocalmusicbeingcompletelysubordinatedtowords，——thesinger

beingalsothepoet，chantinghisowncompositionsandmakingthelengths

ofhisnotesagreewiththefeetofhisverses——thereunavoidablyarose

atiresomeuniformityofmeasurewhich，asDr。Burneysays，"noresources

ofmelodycoulddisguise。"Lackingthecomplexrhythmobtainedbyour

equalbarsandunequalnotes，theonlyrhythmwasthatproducedbythequantity

ofthesyllables，andwasofnecessitymonotonous。Andfurther，thechant

thusresultingbeinglikerecitative，wasmuchlessdifferentiatedfromordinary

speechthanisourmodernsong。Nevertheless，consideringtheextendedrange

ofnotesinuse，thevarietyofmodes，theoccasionalvariationsoftime

consequentonchangesofmetre，andthemultiplicationofinstruments，we

seethatmusichad，towardsthecloseofGreekcivilization，attainedto

considerableheterogeneity:notindeedascomparedwithourmusic，butas

comparedwiththatwhichprecededit。Asyet，however，thereexistednothing

butserialcombinationsofnotes（forsowemustcallthemsincetheywere

notmelodiesinoursense）:harmonywasunknown。ItwasnotuntilChristian

church—musichadreachedsomedevelopment，thatmusicinpartswasevolved;

andthenitcameintoexistencethroughanunobtrusivedifferentiation。The

practicewhichledtoitwastheemploymentoftwochoirssingingalternately

thesameair。Afterwardsitbecamethehabit（possiblyfirstsuggestedby

amistake）forthesecondchoirtocommencebeforethefirsthadceased:

thusproducingafugue。Withthesimpleairstheninuse，apartiallyharmonious

fuguemightnotimprobablyresult;andaverypartiallyharmoniousfugue

satisfiedtheearsofthatage，asweknowfromstillpreservedexamples。

Theideahavingoncebeengiven，thecomposingofairsproductiveoffugal

harmonywouldnaturallygrowup;asinsomewayitdidgrowupoutofthis

alternatechoir—singing。Andfromthefuguetoconcertedmusicoftwo，three，

four，andmoreparts，thetransitionwaseasy。Withoutpointingoutindetail

theincreasingcomplexitythatresultedfromintroducingnotesofvarious

lengths，fromthemultiplicationofkeys，fromtheuseofaccidentals，from

varietiesoftime，frommodulationsandsoforth，itneedsbuttocontrast

musicasitiswithmusicasitwas，toseehowimmenseistheincreaseof

heterogeneity。Weseethisalsoif，lookingatmusicinitsensemble，we

enumerateitsmanydifferentgeneraandspecies——ifweconsiderthedivisions

intovocal，instrumental，andmixed;andtheirsubdivisionsintomusicfor

differentvoicesanddifferentinstruments——ifweobservethemanyforms

ofsacredmusic，fromthesimplehymn，thechant，thecanon，motet，anthem，

etc。，uptotheoratorio;andthestillmorenumerousformsofsecularmusic，

fromtheballaduptotheserenata，fromtheinstrumentalsolouptothe

symphony。Again，thesametruthisseenoncomparinganyonesampleofaboriginal

musicwithasampleofmodernmusic——evenanordinarysongforthepiano;

whichwefindtoberelativelyveryheterogeneous，notonlyinrespectof

varietiesintheintervalsandinthelengthsofthenotes，thenumberof

differentnotessoundingatthesameinstantincompanywiththevoice，and

thevariationsofstrengthwithwhichtheyaresoundedandsung，butinrespect

ofthechangesofkey，thechangesoftime，thechangesoftimbreofthe

voice，andthemanyothermodificationsofexpression。Whilebetweenthe

oldmonotonousdance—chantandagrandoperaofourownday，thecontrast

inheterogeneityissoextremethatitseemsscarcelycrediblethattheoneistheancestoroftheother。§126。Manyfurtherillustrationsofthegenerallawthroughoutsocial

productsmightbedetailed。Goingbacktothetimewhenthedeedsofthe

god—king，chantedandmimeticallyrepresentedindancesbeforehisaltar，

werefurthernarratedinpicture—writingsonthewallsoftemplesandpalaces，

andsoconstitutedarudehistory，wemighttracethedevelopmentofLiterature

throughphasesinwhich，asintheHebrewScriptures，itpresentsinone

work，theology，cosmogony，history，biography，civillaws，ethics，poetry;

throughotherphasesinwhich，asintheIliad，thereligious，martial，historical，

theepic，dramatic，andlyricelementsaresimilarlycommingled;downto

itspresentheterogeneousdevelopment，inwhichitsdivisionsandsubdivisions

aresonumerousandvariedastodefycompleteclassification。Orwemight

tracktheunfoldingofScience;beginningwiththeerainwhichitwasnot

yetdifferentiatedfromArt，andwas，inunionwithArt，thehandmaidof

Religion;passingthroughtheerainwhichthesciencesweresofewandrudimentary，

astobesimultaneouslycultivatedbythesamephilosophers;andendingwith

theerainwhichthegeneraandspeciesaresomultitudinousthatfewcan

enumeratethem，andnoonecanadequatelygraspevenonegenus。Orwemight

dothelikewithArchitecture，withtheDrama，withDress。Butdoubtless

thereaderisalreadywearyofillustrations，andmypromisehasbeenamply

fulfilled。Theadvancefromthesimpletothecomplexthroughsuccessive

modificationsuponmodifications，isseenalikeintheearliestchangesof

theHeavenstowhichwecanreasonourwayback，andintheearliestchanges

wecaninductivelyestablish;itisseeninthegeologicandclimaticevolution

oftheEarth，ofeveryindividualorganismonitssurfaceandintheaggregate

oforganisms;itisseenintheevolutionofHumanity，whethercontemplated

inthecivilizedman，orintheassemblageofraces;itisseenintheevolution

ofSociety，inrespectalikeofitspolitical，itsreligious，anditseconomical

organization;anditisseenintheevolutionofthosecountlessconcrete

andabstractproductsofhumanactivity，whichconstitutetheenvironment

ofourdailylife。FromtheremotestpastwhichSciencecanfathom，upto

thenoveltiesofyesterday，anessentialtraitofEvolutionhasbeenthetransformationofthehomogeneousintotheheterogeneous。§127。Sothatthegeneralformulaarrivedatinthelastchapter

needssupplementing。ItistruethatEvolution，underitsprimaryaspect，

isachangefromalesscoherentstatetoamorecoherentstate，consequent

onthedissipationofmotionandintegrationofmatter;butthisisfarfrom

beingthewholetruth。Alongwithapassagefromthecoherenttotheincoherent，

theregoesonapassagefromtheuniformtothemultiform。Such，atleast，

isthefactwhereverEvolutioniscompound;whichitisintheimmensemajority

ofcases。Whilethereisaprogressingconcentrationoftheaggregate，caused

eitherbythecloserapproachofthematterwithinitslimits，orbythe

drawinginoffurthermatter，orbyboth;andwhilethemoreorlessdistinct

partsintowhichtheaggregatedividesandsubdividesarealsoseverally

concentrating;thesepartsaresimultaneouslybecomingunlike——unlikein

size，orinform，orintexture，orincomposition，orinseveralorall

ofthese。Thesameprocessisexhibitedbythewholeandbyitsmembers。

Theentiremassisintegrating，andatthesametimedifferentiatingfrom

othermasses;whileeachmemberofitisalsointegratingandatthesametimedifferentiatingfromothermembers。Ourconception，then，mustunitethesecharacters。Aswenowunderstand

it，Evolutionisdefinableasachangefromanincoherenthomogeneityto

acoherentheterogeneity，accompanyingthedissipationofmotionandintegration

ofmatter。

Chapter16

TheLawofEvolution（continued）§128。Butdoesthisgeneralizationexpressthewholetruth？Does

itincludeeverythingessentiallycharacterizingEvolutionandexcludeeverything

else？Doesitcomprehendallthephenomenaofsecondaryredistributionwhich

CompoundEvolutionpresents，withoutcomprehendinganyotherphenomena？Acriticalexaminationofthefactswillshowthatitdoesneither。Changesfromthelessheterogeneoustothemoreheterogeneous，whichare

notincludedinwhatweherecallEvolution，occurineverylocaldisease。

Inamorbidgrowthweseeanewdifferentiation。Whetherthismorbidgrowth

be，orbenot，moreheterogeneousthanthetissuesinwhichitisseated，

isnotthequestion。Thequestioniswhethertheorganismasawholeis，

orisnot，renderedmoreheterogeneousbytheadditionofapartunlikeevery

pre—existingpart，inform，orcomposition，orboth。Tothisquestionthere

canbenonebutanaffirmativeanswer。Again，theearlierstagesofdecomposition

inadeadbodyinvolveincreaseofheterogeneity。Supposingthechemical

changestocommenceinsomepartssoonerthaninothers，astheycommonly

do，andtoaffectdifferenttissuesindifferentways，astheymust，itseems

clearthattheentirebody，madeupofundecomposedpartsandpartsdecomposed

invariousmodesanddegrees，hasbecomemoreheterogeneousthanitwas。

Thoughgraterhomogeneitywillbetheeventualresult，theimmediateresult

iscertainlynotEvolution。Otherinstancesarefurnishedbysocialdisorders

anddisasters。Arebellionwhich，whileleavingsomeprovincesundisturbed，

developsitselfhereinsecretsocieties，thereinpublicdemonstrations，

andelsewhereinactualconflicts，necessarilyrendersthesociety，asa

whole，moreheterogeneous。Orwhenadearthcausescommercialderangement

withitsentailedbankruptcies，closedfactories，dischargedoperatives，

food—riots，incendiarisms;itismanifestthatasalargepartofthecommunity

retainsitsordinaryorganizationdisplayingtheusualphenomena，thesenew

phenomenamustberegardedasaddingtothecomplexitypreviouslyexisting。

Butsuchchanges，sofarfromconstitutingfurtherEvolution，arestepstowardsDissolution。Sothatthedefinitionarrivedatinthelastchapterisanimperfect

one。Thechangesaboveinstancedascomingwithintheformulaasitnowstands，

aresoobviouslyunliketherest，thattheinclusionofthemimpliessome

distinctionhithertooverlooked。Suchfurtherdistinctionwehavenowtosupply。§129。AtthesametimethatEvolutionisachangefromthehomogeneous

totheheterogeneous，itisachangefromtheindefinitetothedefinite。

Alongwithanadvancefromsimplicitytocomplexity，thereisanadvance

fromconfusiontoorder——fromundeterminedarrangementtodeterminedarrangement。

Development，nomatterofwhatkind，exhibitsnotonlyamultiplicationof

unlikeparts，butanincreaseintheclearnesswithwhichthesepartsare

markedofffromoneanother。Andthisisthedistinctionsought。Forproof，

itneedsonlytoreconsidertheinstancesgivenabove。Thechangesconstituting

localdisease，havenosuchdefiniteness，eitherinplace，extent，oroutline，

asthechangesconstitutingdevelopment。Thoughcertainmorbidgrowthsare

morecommoninsomepartsofthebodythaninothers（aswartsonthehands，

cancerinthebreasts，tubercleinthelungs），yettheyarenotconfined

totheseparts;nor，wherefound，aretheyanythinglikesopreciseintheir

relativepositionsasarethenormalpartsaround。Theirsizesareveryvariable:

theybearnosuchconstantproportionstothebodyasorgansdo。Theirforms，

too，arefarlessspecificthanorganicforms。Andtheyareextremelyconfused

intheirinternalstructures。Thatis，theyareinallrespectscomparatively

indefinite。Thelikepeculiaritymaybetracedindecomposition。Thattotal

indefinitenesstowhichadeadbodyisfinallyreduced，isastatetowards

whichtheputrefactivechangestendfromtheircommencement。Theadvancing

destructionoftheorganiccompoundsblursthetissue—structures——diminishes

theirdistinctness。Fromtheportionsthathaveundergonemostdecay，there

isagradualtransitiontothelessdecayedportions，notasharpdemarcation。

Andstepbystepthelinesoforganization，oncesoprecise，disappear。Similarly

withsocialchangesofanabnormalkind。Thedisaffectioninitiatingapolitical

outbreak，impliesalooseningofthosetiesbywhichcitizensareboundup

intodistinctclassesandsub—classes。Agitation，growingintorevolutionary

meetings，fusesranksthatareusuallyseparated。Actsofinsubordination

breakthroughtheordainedlimitstoindividualconduct，andtendtoobliterate

thelinesbetweenthoseinauthorityandthosebeneaththem。Atthesame

timearrestoftradecausesartizansandotherstolosetheiroccupations;

and，ceasingtobefunctionallydistinguished，theymergeintoanindefinite

mass。Whenatlasttherecomespositiveinsurrection，allmagisterialand

officialpowers，allclassdistinctions，allindustrialdifferences，cease:

organizedsocietylapsesintoanunorganizedaggregateofsocialunits。Similarly，

insofarasfaminesandpestilencescausechangesfromordertowardsdisorder，theycausechangesfromdefinitearrangementstoindefinitearrangements。Thus，then，isthatincreaseofheterogeneitywhichisnotatraitof

Evolution，distinguishedfromthatincreaseofheterogeneitywhichis。Though

indiseaseandafterdeath，individualorsocial，theearliestmodifications

areadditionstothepre—existingheterogeneity，they。arenotadditions

tothepre—existingdefiniteness。Fromtheoutsettheybegintodestroythis

definiteness，andgraduallyproduceaheterogeneitythatisindeterminate

insteadofdeterminate。Asacity，alreadymultiforminitsvariously—arranged

structuresofvariousarchitecture，maybemademoremultiformbyanearthquake，

whichleavespartofitstandingandoverthrowsotherpartsindifferent

waysanddegrees，butisatthesametimereducedfromorderlyarrangement

todisorderlyarrangement;somayorganizedbodiesbemadeforatimemore

multiformbychangeswhichareneverthelessdisorganizingchanges。Andin

theonecaseasintheother，itistheabsenceofdefinitenesswhichdistinguishesthemultiformityofregressionfromthemultiformityofprogression。Ifadvancefromtheindefinitetothedefiniteisanessentialcharacteristic

ofEvolution，weshallofcoursefinditeverywheredisplayed;asinthe

lastchapterwefounddisplayedtheadvancefromthehomogeneoustotheheterogeneous。

Toseewhetheritisso，letusnowconsiderthesameseveralclassesoffacts。§130。Beginning，asbefore，withahypotheticalillustration，we

havetonotethateachstepintheevolutionoftheSolarSystem，supposing

ittohaveoriginatedfromdiffusedmatter，wasanadvancetowardsmoredefinite

structure。Asusuallyconceived，theinitialnebulawasirregularinshape

andwithindistinctmargins，likethoseofnebulaenowexisting。Havingpartially—different

propermotions，thepartsofitsattenuatedsubstance，whilebeingdrawn

together，generated，bytheaveragingoftheirmotions，aswellasbychanges

inthedirectionsofthesemotions，acertainangularmomentum;andtheentire

massasitconcentratedandacquiredrotationmusthaveassumedtheform

ofanoblatespheroidwhichwitheveryincreaseofdensity，becamemorespecific

inoutline，andhaditssurfacemoredistinctlymarkedofffromthesurrounding

void。Simultaneously，theconstituentportionsofnebulousmatter，instead

ofmovingroundtheircommoncentreofgravityinvariousplanes，asthey

wouldatfirstdo，musthavehadtheseplanesmoreandmoremergedintoa

singleplane，thatbecamelessvagueastheconcentrationprogressed——becamegraduallydefined。Accordingtothehypothesis，changefromindistinctcharacterstodistinct

ones，wasrepeatedintheevolutionofplanetsandsatellites。Agaseous

spheroidislessdefinitelylimitedthanaliquidspheroid，sinceitissubject

tolargerundulationsofsurface，andtogreaterdistortionsofgeneralform;

and，similarly，aliquidspheroid，coveredasitmustbewithwavesofvarious

magnitudes，tidalandother，islessdefinitethanasolidspheroid。The

decreaseofoblatenesswhichgoesalongwithincreaseofintegration，brings

relativedefinitenessofotherelements。Aconcentratingplanethavingan

axisinclinedtotheplaneofitsorbit，must，whileveryoblate，haveits

planeofrotationmuchdisturbedbyexternalattractions;whereasitsapproach

toasphericalform，involvesasmallerprecessionalmotion，andlessmarkedvariationsinthedirectionofitsaxis。###第29章Withprogressingsettlementofthespace—relations，theforce—relations

simultaneouslybecomemoresettled;andtheexactcalculationsofphysical

astronomyshowushowdefinitetheseforce—relationsnoware。Inshort，it

needsbuttothinkofthecontrastbetweenthechaosoftheprimitivenebula

andtheorderedrelationsoftheSolarSysteminthesizes，shapes，motions，

andcombinedinter—actionsofitsmembers，toseethatincreaseofdefinitenesshasbeenamarkedtraitofitsevolution。§131。FromthatprimitivemoltenstateoftheEarthinferablefrom

geologicaldataaswellasfromthenebularhypothesis（probablyaliquid

shellhavinganucleusofgasesabovethe"criticalpoint"oftemperature，

keptbypressureatadensityasgreatasthatofthesuperjacentliquid）

thetransitiontoitsexistingstatehasbeenthroughstagesinwhichthe

charactersbecamemoredeterminate。Aliquidspheroidislessspecificthan

asolidspheroidinhavingnofixeddistributionofparts。Currentsofmolten

matter，thoughkepttocertaingeneralcircuitsbytheconditionsofequilibrium，

cannot，intheabsenceofsolidboundaries，bepreciseintheirlimitsand

directions:allpartsmustbeinmotionwithrespecttootherparts。But

asuperficialsolidification，eventhoughpartial，isasteptowardsthe

establishmentofdefiniterelationsofposition。Inathincrust，however，

oftenrupturedbydisturbingforces，andmovedbyeverytidalundulation，

fixityofrelativepositioncanbebuttemporary。Onlyasthecrustthickens

cantherearisedistinctandsettledgeographicalpositions。Observe，too，

thatwhen，onasurfaceadequatelycooled，therebeginstoprecipitatethe

waterfloatingaboveasvapour，thedepositscannotmaintaindefiniteness

eitherofstateorplace。Fallingonasolidenvelopenotthickenoughto

preserveanythingbeyondslightvariationsoflevel，thewatermustform

smallandshallowpoolsoverthecoolestareas;whichareasmustpassinsensibly

intoothersthataretoohottoallowcondensation。Withprogressingrefrigeration，

however——withathickeningcrust，aconsequentformationoflargerelevations

anddepressions，andtheprecipitationofmoreatmosphericwater，therecomes

anarrangementofpartswhichiscomparativelyfixed;andthedefiniteness

ofpositionincreases，untilthereresultcontinentsandoceans——adistribution

thatisnotonlytopographicallysettled，butpresentsseparationsofland

fromwatermoredefinitethancouldhaveexistedwhenalltheuncoveredareas

werelowislandswithshelvingbeaches，overwhichthetideebbedandflowedtogreatdistances。Respectingthecharactersclassedasgeological，wemaydrawkindredinferences。

WhiletheEarth\'scrustwasthin，mountain—chainswereimpossibilities:there

couldnothavebeenlongandwell—definedaxesofelevation，withdistinct

water—shedsandareasofdrainage。Moreover，thedenudationofsmallislands

bysmallrivers，andbytidalstreamsbothfeebleandnarrow，wouldproduce

noclearly—markedsedimentarystrata。Confusedandvaryingmassesofdetritus，

suchaswenowfindatthemouthsofbrooks，musthavebeentheprevailing

formations。Andthesecouldgiveplacetodistinctstrata，onlyasthere

arosecontinentsandoceans，withtheirgreatrivers，longcoast—lines，andwide—spreadingmarinecurrents。Theremustsimultaneouslyhaveresultedmoredefinitemeteorologicalconditions。

Differencesofclimatesandseasonsgrewrelativelydecidedastheheatderived

fromtheSunbecamedistinguishablefromtheproperheatoftheEarth;and

theproductionofmorespecificconditionsineachlocalitywasaidedby

increasingpermanenceinthedistributionoflandsandseas。Theseareconclusionssufficientlyobvious。§132。Wecomenowtotheevidenceyieldedbyorganicbodies。Inplace

ofdeductiveillustrations，weshallherefindillustrationswhichhavebeen

inductivelyestablished，andarethereforelessopentocriticism。Thecourse

ofmammaliandevelopment，forexample，willsupplyuswithnumerousproofsready—describedbyembryologists。Thefirstchangewhichtheovumofamammalundergoesafterrepeatedsegmentation

hasreducedittoamulberry—likemass，istheappearanceofadistinction

betweentheperipheralorepiblasticcellsofthismassandtheinternal

orhypoblasticcells。Whilegrowingrapidlytheclusterofcellsbecomes

hollow，andtheblastodermicvesiclesoformedpresentsadefinitecontrast

betweentheouterlayer，orepiblast，anditscontents。Themassofhypoblast

cells，havingatfirstanindefinite，lens—likefigureattachedtotheinside

oftheepiblast，spreadsoutandflattensintoamembrane，theboundaryof

whichisirregular——indefinitealikeinformandconstitution。Andthen

themiddleorthickerpartpresentlybecomesanopaquecircularspotconstituting

theembryonicarea:aspotwhichgraduallyacquiresapronouncedoutline。

Inthecentreofthisthereatlengthcomestheprimitivestreakortrace，

which，asitsnameimplies，isindefinitebutby—and—by"becomesamore

pronouncedstructure。"Withinthisstreakortracethevertebrateaxis

firstshowsitself。Beginningasashallowgroove，itbecomesslowlymore

pronounced;itssidesgrowhigher;theirsummitsoverlapandatlastunite;

andsotheindefinitegroovepassesintoadefinitetube，formingthevertebral

canal。Inthisvertebralcanaltheleadingdivisionsofthebrainareat

firstdiscernibleonlyasslightbulgings;whiletheproto—vertebraecommence

asindistinctmodificationsofthetissueboundingthecanal。Meanwhilein

kindredwaystheindefiniteout—spreadmembranethroughwhichareabsorbed

thematerialsfortheunfoldingstructuresaround，ischanged，intoadefinite

alimentarycanal。Andinananalogousmannertheentireembryo，whichat

firstliesoutspreadontheyelk—sack，graduallyrisesupfromit，andby

theinfoldingofitsventralregionbecomesaseparatemass，definitelyoutlined，connectedwiththeyelk—sackonlybyanarrowduct。Thesechangesthroughwhichthegeneralstructureismarkedoutwithslowly—increasing

precision，areparalleledintheevolutionofeachorgan。Thelivercommences

bymultiplicationofcertaincellsinthewalloftheintestine。Thethickening

producedbythismultiplication，"increasessoastoformaprojection

upontheexteriorofthecanal——ahollowbud;"andatthesametime

thattheorgangrowsandbecomesdistinctfromtheintestine，thechannels

runningthroughitaretransformedintoductshavingclearly—markedwalls。

Similarly，certaincellsoftheexternalcoatofthealimentarycanalat

itsupperportion，accumulateintolumpsorbudsfromwhichthelungsare

developed;andthese，intheirgeneraloutlinesanddetailedstructure，acquire

distinctnessstepbystep。Butevenwerenoexamplesgiven，itwouldbeundeniable

thatsinceasimpleclusterofsimilarcellsgrowsintohead，trunk，and

limbsofdistinctshapes，eachmadeupofmanyorganscontainingpartsseverally

havingclearoutlinesandcomposedofspecifictissues，increaseofdefinitenesshasbeenaleadingtraitofthetransformation。Changesofthisordercontinuelongafterbirth;and，inthehumanbeing，

aresomeofthemnotcompletedtillmiddlelife。Duringyouth，mostofthe

articularsurfacesofthebonesremainroughandfissured——thecalcareous

depositendingirregularlyinthesurroundingcartilage。Butbetweenpuberty

andtheageofthirty，thesearticularsurfacesarefinishedoffintosmooth，

hard，sharply—cut"epiphyses。"Generally，indeed，wemaysaythat

increaseofdefinitenesscontinueswhentherehasceasedtobeanyappreciable

increaseofheterogeneity。Andthereisreasontothinkthatthosemodifications

whichtakeplaceaftermaturitybringingaboutoldageanddeath，aremodifications

ofthisnature;sincetheycauserigidityofstructure，aconsequentrestriction

ofmovementandoffunctionalpliability，agradualnarrowingofthelimits

withinwhichthevitalprocessesgoon，endinginanorganicadjustmenttoo

precise——toonarrowinitsmarginofpossiblevariationtopermittherequisiteadaptationtochangesofexternalconditions。§133。TogiveclearproofthattheEarth\'sFloraandFauna，regarded

eitheraswholesorintheirseparatespecies，haveprogressedindefiniteness，

isnomorepossiblethanitwastoprovethattheyhaveprogressedinheterogeneity:

thefactsarenotsufficient。If，however，weallowourselvestoreasonfrom

thehypothesis，nowdailyrenderedmoreprobable，thateveryspecieshas

arisenthroughtheaccumulationofmodificationsuponmodifications，just

aseveryindividualarises。weshallseethattheremusthavebeenaprogress，

fromtheindeterminatetothedeterminate，bothintheparticularformsandinthegroupsofforms。Wemaysetoutwiththesignificantfactthatthelowestorganisms（which

areanalogousinstructuretothegermsofallhigherones）havesolittle

definitenessthatitisdifficult，ifnotimpossible，todecidewhetherthey

areplantsoranimals。Respectingsundryofthemthereareunsettleddisputes

betweenzoologistsandbotanists。NotenextthatamongtheProtozoa，great

indefinitenessofshapeisgeneral。Ofsundryshell—lessRhizopodstheform

issoirregularastoadmitofnodescription:itisneitheralikeinany

twoindividualsnorinthesameindividualatsuccessivemoments。Byaggregation

ofProtozoa，areproduced，amongothercreatures，theSponges，mostofwhich

areindefiniteinsize，incontour，ininternalarrangement;andsuchmore

definiteaggregatesastheHydraaremadeindefinitebothbythegreatdifferences

betweentheircontractedandexpandedstatesandbytheirreproductivedevelopments。

Asfurthershowinghowrelativelyindeterminatearethesimplestorganisms，

itmaybementionedthattheirstructuresvarygreatlywithsurroundingconditions:

somuchsothat，amongtheProtozoaandProtophyta，manyformswhichwere

onceclassedasdistinctspecies，andevenasdistinctgenera，arefound

tobemerelyvarietiesofonespecies。If，now，wecalltomindhowprecise

intheirtraitsarethehighestorganisms——howsharplycuttheiroutlines，

howinvariabletheirproportions，andhowcomparativelyconstanttheirstructures

underchangedconditions;wecannotdenythatgreaterdefinitenessisone

oftheircharacteristics。Iftheyhavebeenevolvedoutoflowerorganisms，increaseofdefinitenesshasbeenanaccompanimentoftheirevolution。That，incourseoftime，specieshavebecomemoresharplymarkedofffrom

otherspecies，generafromgenera，andordersfromorders，isaconclusion

notadmittingofamorepositiveestablishmentthantheforegoing。If，however，

speciesandgeneraandordershavearisenbyevolution，then，asMr。Darwin

shows，thecontrastsbetweengroupsmusthavebecomegreater。Disappearance

ofintermediateforms，lessfittedforspecialspheresofexistencethan

theextremeformstheyconnected，musthavemadethedifferencesbetween

theextremeformsdecided;andso，fromindistinctvarieties，musthavebeen

produceddistinctspecies:aninferencewhichisinharmonywithwhatweknowrespectingracesofmenandracesofdomesticanimals。§134。Thesuccessivephasesthroughwhichsocietiespass，obviously

displaytheprogressfromindeterminatearrangementstodeterminatearrangements。

Awanderingtribeofsavages，beingfixedneitherinitslocalitynorin

itsinternaldistribution，isfarlessdefiniteintherelativepositions

ofitspartsthananation。Insuchatribethesocialrelationsareconfused

andunsettled。Politicalauthorityisvague。Distinctionsofrankareneither

clearlymarkednorimpassable。Andsaveinthedifferentoccupationsofmen

andwomen，therearenodecidedindustrialdivisions。Onlyintribesofconsiderablesize，whichhaveenslavedothertribes，iseconomicdifferentiationdistinct。Butoneoftheseprimitivesocietiesthatevolves，becomesstepbystep

morespecific。Increasinginsize，consequentlyceasingtobesonomadic，

andrestrictedinitsrangebyneighbouringsocieties，itacquires，after

prolongedborderwarfare，asettledterritorialboundary。Thedistinction

betweentherulingraceandthepeople，sometimesamounts，inthepopular

belief，toadifferenceofnature。Thewarrior—classattainsaperfectseparation

fromclassesdevotedtothecultivationofthesoilortootheroccupations

regardedasservile。Andtherearisesapriesthoodwhichisdefinedinits

rank，itsfunctions，itsprivileges。Thissharpnessofdefinition，growing

bothgreaterandmorevariouslyexemplifiedassocietiesadvancetomaturity，

isextremestinthosewhichhavereachedtheirfulldevelopmentoraredeclining。

OfancientEgyptwereadthatitssocialdivisionswerepreciseanditscustoms

rigid。Recentinvestigationsmakeitmorethaneverclearthatamongthe

Assyriansandsurroundingpeoples，notonlywerethelawsunalterable，but

eventheminorhabits，downtothoseofdomesticroutine，Assessedasacredness

whichinsuredtheirpermanence。InIndiaatthepresentday，theunchangeable

distinctionsofcaste，notlessthantheconstancyinmodesofdress，industrial

processes，andreligiousobservances，showhowdefinitearethearrangements

wheretheantiquityisgreat。NordoesChina，withitslong—settledpolitical

organization，itselaborateandpreciseconventions，failtoexemplifythesametruth。Thesuccessivephasesofourownandadjacentsocieties，furnishfacts

somewhatdifferentinkindbutsimilarinmeaning。Originallymonarchical

authoritywasmorebaronial，andbaronialauthoritymoremonarchical，than

afterwards。Betweenmodernpriestsandthepriestsofoldtimes，whowhile

officiallyteachersofreligionwerealsowarriors，judges，architects，there

isamarkeddifferenceindefinitenessoffunction。Andamongthepeople

engagedinproductiveoccupations，likecontrastshold:theregulativeparts

havebecomedefinitelydistinctfromtheoperativepartsandthedistributive

partsfromboth。Thehistoryofourconstitution，remindingushowthepowers

ofKing，Lords，andCommonshavebeengraduallysettled，describesanalogous

changes。Countlessfactsbearingthelikeconstructionmeetuswhenwetrace

thedevelopmentoflegislation;inthesuccessivestagesofwhichwefind

statutesgraduallyrenderedmorespecificintheirapplicationstoparticular

cases。Evennoweachnewlawbeginningasavagueproposition，is，inthe

courseofenactment，elaboratedintospecificclauses;andonlyafterits

interpretationhasbeenestablishedbyjudges\'decisionsincourtsofjustice，

doesitreachitsfinaldefiniteness。Fromtheannalsofminorinstitutions

likeevidencemaybegathered。Religious，charitable，literary，andallother

societies，startingwithendsandmethodsroughlysketchedoutandeasily

modifiable，showushow，bytheaccumulationofrulesandprecedents，the

purposesbecomemorepreciselyformulatedandthemodesofactionmorerestricted;

untilatlastdecayfollowsafixitywhichadmitsofnoadaptationtonew

conditions。Shoulditbeobjectedthatamongcivilizednationsthereare

examplesofdecreasingdefiniteness（instancethebreakingdownoflimits

betweenranks），thereplyis，thatsuchapparentexceptionsaretheaccompaniments

ofasocialmetamorphosis——achangefromthemilitarytypeofsocialstructure

totheindustrialtype，duringwhicholdlinesofstructurearedisappearingandnewonesbecomingmoremarked。§135。Allorganizedresultsofsocialaction——allsuper—organic

structures，passthroughparallelphases。Being，astheyare，objectiveproducts

ofsubjectiveprocesses，theymustdisplaycorrespondingchanges;andthattheydothis，thecasesofLanguage，ofScience，ofArt，clearlyprove。Strikeoutfromoursentenceseverythingbutnounsandverbs，andthere

standsdisplayedthevaguenesscharacterizingundevelopedtongues。Eachinflection

ofaverb，oradditionbywhichthecaseofanounismarked，bylimiting

theconditionsofactionorofexistence，enablesmentoexpresstheirthoughts

moreprecisely。Thattheapplicationofanadjectivetoanoun，oranadverb

toaverbnarrowstheclassofthingsorchangesindicated，impliesthat

theadditionalwordservestomakethepropositionmoredistinct。Andsimilarlywithotherpartsofspeech。Thelikeeffectresultsfromthemultiplicationofwordsofeachorder。

Whenthenamesforobjects，andacts，andqualities，arebutfew，therange

ofeachisproportionatelywide，anditsmeaningthereforeunspecific。The

similesandmetaphorssomuchusedbyaboriginalraces，indirectlyandimperfectly

suggestideaswhichtheycannotexpressdirectlyandperfectlyfromlack

ofwords。Ortotakeacasefromordinarylife，ifwecomparethespeech

ofthepeasantwho，outofhislimitedvocabulary，candescribethecontents

ofthebottlehecarries，onlyas"doctor\'sstuff"whichhehas

gotforhis"sick"wife，withthespeechofthephysician，who

tellsthoseeducatedlikehimselftheparticularcompositionofthemedicine

andtheparticulardisorderforwhichhehasprescribedit;wehavevividly

broughthometoustheprecisionwhichlanguagegainsbythemultiplicationofterms。Again，inthecourseofitsevolution，eachtongueacquiresafurther

accuracythroughprocesseswhichfixthemeaningofeachword。Intellectual

intercourseslowlydiminisheslaxityofexpression。By—and—bydictionaries

givedefinitions。Andeventually，amongthemostcultivated，indefinitenessisnottolerated，eitherinthetermsusedorintheirgrammaticalcombinations。Oncemore，languagesconsideredaswholesbecomemoresharplymarkedoff

fromoneanother，andfromtheircommonparent;aswitness，inearlytimes，

thecleardistinctionthatarosebetweenthetwoconnatelanguagesGreek

andLatin，andinlatertimesthedivergenceofthreeLatindialectsintoItalian，French，andSpanish。§136。InhisHistoryoftheInductiveSciences，Dr。Whewell

saysthattheGreeksfailedinphysicalphilosophybecausetheir"ideas

werenotdistinct，andappropriatetothefacts。"Idonotquotethis

remarkforitsluminousness;sinceitwouldbeequallypropertoascribe

theindistinctnessandinappropriatenessoftheirideastotheimperfection

oftheirphysicalphilosophy;butIquoteitbecauseitservesasgoodevidence

oftheindefinitenessofprimitivescience。Thesameworkanditsfellow，ThePhilosophyoftheInductiveSciences，yieldotherevidencesequally

good，becauseequallyindependentofanysuchhypothesisasisheretobe

established。Respectingmathematics，wehavethefactthatgeometricaltheorems

grewoutofempiricalmethods;andthatthesetheorems，atfirstisolated，

didnotacquiretheclearnesswhichdemonstrationgives，untiltheywere

arrangedbyEuclidintoaseriesofdependentpropositions。Atalaterperiod，

thesamegeneraltruthwasexemplifiedintheprogressfromthe"method

ofexhaustions"andthe"methodofindivisibles"tothe"method

oflimits;"whichisthecentralideaoftheinfinitesimalcalculus。

inearlymechanicsmaybetracedadimperceptionthatactionandreaction

areequalandopposite;though，foragesafter，thistruthremainedunformulated。

Andsimilarly，thepropertyofinertia，thoughnotdistinctlycomprehended

untilKeplerlived，wasvaguelyrecognizedlongbefore。"Theconception

ofstaticalforce，""wasneverpresentedinadistinctformtill

theworksofArchimedesappeared;"and"theconceptionofaccelerating

forcewasconfused，inthemindofKeplerandhiscontemporaries，anddid

notbecomeclearenoughforpurposesofsoundscientificreasoningbefore

thesucceedingcentury。"Towhichspecificassertionsmaybeaddedthe

generalremark，that"termswhichoriginally，andbeforethelawsof

motionwerefullyknown，wereusedinaveryvagueandfluctuatingsense，

wereafterwardslimitedandrenderedprecise。"Whenweturnfromabstract

scientificconceptionstotheconcreteprevisionsofscience，ofwhichastronomy

furnishesnumerousexamples，alikecontrastisvisible。Thetimesatwhich

celestialphenomenawilloccur，havebeenpredictedwithever—increasing

accuracy。Errorsonceamountingtodaysarenowdiminishedtoseconds。The

correspondencebetweentherealandsupposedformsoforbitshasbeengradually

renderedmoreprecise。Originallythoughtcircular，thenepicyclical，then

elliptical，orbitsarenowascertainedtobecurveswhichalwaysdeviatefromperfectellipses，andareeverundergoingchanges。ButthegeneraladvanceofScienceindefinitenessisbestshownbythe

contrastbetweenitsqualitativestageanditsquantitativestage。Atfirst

thefactsascertainedwerethatbetweensuchandsuchphenomenasomeconnexion

existed——thattheappearancesaandbalwaysoccurredtogetherorinsuccession;

butitwasknownneitherwhatwasthenatureoftherelationbetweenaand

b，norhowmuchofaaccompaniedsomuchofb。ThedevelopmentofScience

hasinpartbeenthereductionofthesevagueconnexionstodistinctones。

Mostrelationshavebeenclassedasmechanical，chemical，thermal，electric，

magnetic，etc。;andwehavelearnttoinfertherelativeamountsoftheantecedents

andconsequentswithexactness。Ofillustrations，somefurnishedbyphysics

havebeengiven，andfromothersciencesplentymaybeadded。Wehaveascertained

theconstituentsofnumerouscompoundswhichourancestorscouldnotanalyze，

andofafargreaternumberwhichtheyneverevensaw;andthecombining

equivalentsoftheelementsarenowaccuratelycalculated。Physiologyshows

advancefromqualitativetoquantitativeprevisioninascertainingdefinite

relationsbetweenorganicproductsandthematerialsconsumed;aswellas

inmeasurementoffunctionsbyspirometerandsphygmograph。ByPathology

itisdisplayedintheuseofthestatisticalmethodofdeterminingthesources

ofdiseases，andtheeffectsoftreatment。InBotanyandZoology，thenumerical

comparisonsofFlorasandFaunas，leadingtospecificconclusionsrespecting

theirsourcesanddistributions，illustrateit。AndinSociology，questionable

asaremanyconclusionsdrawnfromtheclassifiedsum—totalsofthecensus，

fromtheBoard—of—Tradetables，andfromcriminalreturns，itmustbeadmittedthattheseimplyaprogresstowardsmorepreciseconceptionsofsocialphenomena。ThatanessentialcharacteristicofadvancingScienceisincreaseindefiniteness，

appearsindeedalmostatruism，whenwerememberthatSciencemaybedescribed

asdefiniteknowledge，incontradistinctiontothatindefiniteknowledge

possessedbytheuncultured。Andif，aswecannotquestion，Sciencehas，

inthecourseofages，beenevolvedoutofthisindefiniteknowledgeofthe

uncultured，then，thegradualacquirementofthatgreatdefinitenesswhichnowdistinguishesit，musthavebeenaleadingtraitinitsevolution。###第30章§137。Thearts，industrialandaesthetic，supplyillustrationsperhaps

stillmorestriking。Palaeolithicflintimplementsshowtheextremewant

ofprecisioninmen\'sfirsthandiworks。Thoughagreatadvanceontheseis

seeninthetoolsandweaponsofexistingsavagetribes，yetaninexactness

informsandfittingsdistinguishessuchtoolsandweaponsfromthoseof

civilizedraces。Inasmallerdegree，theproductionsoftheless—advanced

nationsarecharacterizedbylikedefects。AChinesejunk，withallitscontained

furnitureandappliances，nowherepresentsalinethatisquitestraight，

auniformcurve，oratruesurface。Nordotheutensilsandmachinesofour

ancestorsfailtoexhibitasimilarinferioritytoourown。Anantiquechair，

anoldfireplace，alockofthelastcentury，oralmostanyarticleofhousehold

usethathasbeenpreservedforafewgenerations，provesbycontrasthow

greatlytheindustrialproductsofourtimeexcelthoseofthePastintheir

accuracy。Sinceplaningmachineshavebeeninvented，ithasbecomepossible

toproduceabsolutelystraightlines，andsurfacessotrulylevelastobe

air—tightwhenappliedtoeachother。Whileinthedividing—engineofTroughton，

inthemicrometerofWhitworth，inmicroscopesthatshowfiftythousanddivisions

totheinch，andinruleddivisionsupto200，000，wehaveanexactnessas

farexceedingthatreachedintheworksofourgreat—grandfathers，astheirsexceededthatoftheaboriginalcelt—makers。IntheFineArtstherehasbeenaparallelprogress。Fromtherudely—carved

andpaintedidolsofsavages，throughtheearlysculpturescharacterized

bylimbswithoutmusculardetail，wooden—lookingdrapery，andfacesdevoid

ofindividuality，uptothelaterstatuesoftheGreeksorsomeofthose

nowproduced，theincreasedaccuracyofrepresentationisconspicuous。Compare

themuralpaintingsoftheEgyptianswiththepaintingsofmedievalEurope，

orthesewithmodernpaintings，andthemorepreciserenderingoftheappearances

ofobjectsismanifest。Itisthesamewithfictionandthedrama。Inthe

marvelloustalescurrentamongEasternnations，intheromanticlegendsof

feudalEurope，aswellasinthemystery—playsandthoseimmediatelysucceeding

them，weseegreatwantofcorrespondencetotherealitiesoflife;alike

inthepredominanceofsupernaturalevents，intheextremelyimprobableoccurrences，

andinthevaguely—indicatedpersonages。Alongwithsocialadvance，there

hasbeenaprogressivediminutionofunnaturalness——anapproachtotruth

ofrepresentation。Andnow，cultivatedmenapplaudnovelsandplaysinproportion

tothefidelitywithwhichtheyexhibitcharacters。improbabilities，like

theimpossibilitieswhichprecededthem，aredisallowed;andweseefewer

ofthoseelaborateplotswhichliferarelyfurnishes:realitiesaremoredefinitelypictured。§138。Spacemightbefilledwithevidencesofotherkinds，butthe

basisofinductionisalreadywideenough。ProofthatallEvolutionisfrom

theindefinitetothedefinite，wefindnotlessabundantthanproofthatallEvolutionisfromthehomogeneoustotheheterogeneous。Itshould，however，beaddedthatthisadvanceindefinitenessisnot

aprimarybutasecondaryphenomenon——isaresultincidentalonotherchanges。

Thetransformationofawholethatwasoriginallydiffusedanduniforminto

aconcentratedcombinationofmultiformparts，impliesprogressiveseparation

bothofthewholefromitsenvironmentandofthepartsfromoneanother。

Whilethisisgoingontheremustbeindistinctness。Onlyasthewholegains

density，doesitbecomesharplymarkedofffromthespaceormatterlying

outsideofit;andonlyaseachdivisiondrawsintoitsmassthoseperipheral

portionswhichareatfirstimperfectlydisunitedfromtheperipheralportions

ofneighbouringdivisions，canitacquireanythinglikeapreciseoutline。

Thatistosay，theincreasingdefinitenessisaconcomitantoftheincreasing

consolidation，generalandlocal。Whilethesecondaryre—distributionsare

everaddingtotheheterogeneity，theprimaryredistribution，whileaugmenting

theintegration，isincidentallygivingdistinctnesstotheincreasinglyunlikepartsaswellastotheaggregateofthem。ButthoughthisuniversaltraitofEvolutionisanecessaryaccompaniment

ofthetraitssetforthinprecedingchapters，itisnotexpressedinthe

wordsusedtodescribethem。Itisthereforeneedfulfurthertomodifyour

formula。ThemorespecificideaofEvolutionnowreachedis——achangefrom

anindefinite，incoherenthomogeneity，toadefinitecoherentheterogeneity，

accompanyingthedissipationofmotionandintegrationofmatter。

Chapter17

TheLawofEvolution（concluded）§139。TheconceptionofEvolutionelaboratedintheforegoingchapters，

isstillincomplete。Truethoughitis，itisnotthewholetruth。Thetransformations

whichallthingsundergoduringtheascendingphasesoftheirexistence，

wehavecontemplatedunderthreeaspects;andbyunitingthesethreeaspects

assimultaneouslypresented，wehaveformedanapproximateideaofthetransformations。

Butthereareconcomitantchangesaboutwhichnothinghasyetbeensaid，andwhich，thoughlessconspicuous，arenolessessential。Forthusfarwehaveattendedonlytothere—distributionofMatter，neglecting

theaccompanyingredistributionofMotion。Distinctortacitreferencehas，

indeed，repeatedlybeenmadetothedissipationofMotion，thatgoesonalong

withtheconcentrationofMatter;andwereallEvolutionabsolutelysimple，

thetotalfactwouldbecontainedinthepropositionthatasMotiondissipates

Matterconcentrates。Butwhilewehaverecognizedtheultimatere—distribution

oftheMotion，wehavepassedoveritsproximatere—distribution。Though

somethinghasfromtimetotimebeensaidabouttheescapingmotion，nothing

hasbeensaidaboutthemotionwhichdoesnotescape。InproportionasEvolution

becomescompound——inproportionasanaggregateretains，foraconsiderable

time，suchquantityofmotionaspermitssecondaryre—distributionsofits

componentmatter，therenecessarilyarisesecondaryredistributionsofits

retainedmotion。Asfastasthepartsaretransformed，theregoesonatransformation

ofthesensibleorinsensiblemotionspossessedbytheparts。Theycannot

becomemoreintegrated，eitherindividuallyorasacombination，without

theirmotions，individualorcombined，becomingmoreintegrated。Therecannot

ariseamongthemheterogeneitiesofsize，ofform，ofquality，withoutthere

alsoarisingheterogeneitiesintheamountsanddirectionsoftheirmotions，

orthemotionsoftheirmolecules。Andincreasingdefinitenessoftheparts

impliesincreasingdefinitenessoftheirmotions。Inshort，therhythmical

actionsgoingonineachaggregate，mustdifferentiateandintegrateatthesametimethatthestructuresdoso。§139a。Thegeneraltheoryofthisre—distributionoftheretained

motion，mustherebebrieflystated。Properlytosupplementourconception

ofEvolutionunderitsmaterialaspectbyaconceptionofEvolutionunder

itsdynamicalaspect，wehavetorecognizethesourceoftheintegratedmotions

thatarise，andtoseehowtheirincreasedmultiformityanddefinitenessarenecessitated。IfEvolutionispassagefromadiffusedstatetoanaggregatedstate，

thenthemotionsofthecelestialbodiesmusthaveresultedfromtheuncancelled

motionsoftheironcedispersedcomponents。Alongwiththemolecularmotions

everywhereactive，thereweremolarmotionsofthosevaststreamsofnebulous

matterwhichweregeneratedduringtheprocessofconcentration——molar

motionsofwhichlargeportionsweregraduallydissipatedasheat，leaving

undissipatedportions。Butsincethemolarmotionsofthesenebulousstreams

wereconstitutedfromthemotionsofmultitudinousincoherentgaseousparts

severallymovingmoreorlessindependentlyitfollowsthatwhenaggregation

intoaliquidandfinallysolidcelestialmasswasreached，thesepartially

independentmotionsoftheincoherentpartsbecamemergedintothemotion

ofthewhole:or，inotherwords，unintegratedmotionsbecameanintegratedmotion。Whilewemustleaveintheshapeofhypothesisthebeliefthatthecelestial

motionshavethusoriginated，wemaysee，asamatteroffact，thattheintegration

ofinsensiblemotionsoriginatesallsensiblemotionsontheEarth\'ssurface。

Asallknow，thedenudationoflandsanddepositofnewstrata，areeffected

bywaterwhiledescendingtothesea，orduringthearrestofthoseundullations

producedonitbywinds;and，asbeforesaid，theelevationofwatertothe

heightwhenceitfell，isduetosolarheat，asisalsothegenesisofthose

aerialcurrentswhichdriftitaboutwhenevaporatedandagitateitssurface

whencondensed。Thatistosay，themolecularmotionoftheetherealmedium

istransformedintothemotionofgases，thenceintothemotionofliquids，

andthenceintothemotionofsolids:stagesineachofwhichacertainamount

ofmolecularmotionislostandanequivalentmotionofmassesgained。It

isthesamewithorganicmovements。CertainraysissuingfromtheSun，enable

theplanttoreducespecialelementsexistingingaseouscombinationsaround

it，tosolidforms——enabletheplant，thatis，togrowandcarryonits

functionalchanges。Andsincegrowth，equallywithcirculationofsap，is

amodeofsensiblemotion，whilethoserayswhichhavebeenexpendedingenerating

bothconsistofinsensiblemotions，wehavehere，tooatransformationof

thekindallegedAnimals，derivedastheirforcesare，directlyorindirectly，

fromplants，carrythistransformationastepfurther。Theautomaticmovements

oftheviscera，togetherwiththevoluntarymovementsofthelimbsandbody

atlarge，ariseattheexpenseofcertainmolecularmovementsthroughout

thenervousandmusculartissues;andtheseoriginallyaroseattheexpense

ofcertainothermolecularmovementspropagatedbytheSuntotheEarth;

sothatboththestructuralandfunctionalmotionswhichorganicEvolution

displays，aremotionsofaggregatesgeneratedbythearrestedmotionsof

units。Evenwiththeaggregatesoftheseaggregatesthesameruleholds。

Foramongassociatedmentheprogressisevertowardsamergingofindividual

actionsintheactionsofcorporatebodies。Inmilitantlifethisisseen

intheadvancefromtheindependentfightingofseparatewarriorstothe

combinedfightingofregiments，andinindustriallifeintheadvancefrom

theactivitiesofseparateworkerstothecombinedactivitiesoffactory

hands。Soisit，too，wheninsteadofactingalonecitizensactinbodies

——companies，unions，associations，etc。While，then，duringEvolutionthe

escapingmotionbecomes，bywideningdispersion，moredisintegrated，the

motionthatisforatimeretained，becomesmoreintegrated;andso，considered

dynamically，Evolutionisadecreaseintherelativemovementsofpartsand

anincreaseintherelativemovementsofwholes——usingthewordsparts

andwholesintheirmostgeneralsenses。Theadvanceisfromthemotions

ofsimplemoleculestothemotionsofcompoundmolecules;frommolecular

motionstothemotionsofmasses;andfromthemotionsofsmallermassestothemotionsoflargermasses。Theaccompanyingchangetowardsgreatermultiformityamongtheretained

motions，takesplaceundertheformofanincreasedvarietyofrhythms。A

multiplicationofrhythmsmustaccompanyamultiplicationinthedegrees

andmodesofaggregation，andintherelationsoftheaggregatedmassesto

incidentforces。Thedegreeormodeofaggregationwillnot，indeed，affect

therateorextentofrhythmwheretheincidentforceincreasesastheaggregate

increases，whichisthecasewithgravitation:heretheonlycauseofvariation

inrhythmisdifferenceofrelationtotheincidentforce;asweseeina

pendulumwhich，thoughunaffectedinitsmovementsbyachangeintheweight

ofthebob，altersitsrateofoscillationwhenitslengthisalteredor

when，otherwiseunchanged，itistakentotheequator。Butinallcaseswhere

theincidentforcesdonotvaryasthemasses，everyneworderofaggregation

initiatesaneworderofrhythm:witnesstheconclusiondrawnfromtherecent

researchesintoradiantheatandlight，thatthemoleculesofdifferentgases

havedifferentratesofundulation。*<*Thiswaswrittenin1867。>So

thatincreasedmultiformityinthearrangementofmatternecessarilygenerates

increasedmultiformityofrhythm;boththroughincreasedvarietyinthesizes

andformsofaggregates，andthroughincreasedvarietyintheirrelations

totheforceswhichmovethem。Thatthesemotions，astheybecomemoreintegrated

andmoreheterogeneous，mustbecomemoredefinite，isapropositionthat

neednotdetainus。Inproportionasanypartofanevolvingwholesegregates

andconsolidates，andinsodoinglosestherelativemobilityofitscomponents，itsaggregatemotionmustobviouslyacquiredistinctness。Here，then，tocompleteourconceptionofEvolution，wemustcontemplate

throughouttheCosmos，thesemetamorphosesofretainedmotionwhichaccompany

themetamorphosesofcomponentmatter。Wemaydothiswithcomparativebrevity:

thereaderhavingnowbecomesofamiliarwiththemodeoflookingatthe

facts，thatlessillustrationwillsuffice。Tosavespace，itwillbeconvenienttodealwiththeseveralaspectsofthemetamorphosesatthesametime。§140。Massesofdiffusedmattermovingtowardsacommoncentre，from

manypointsatmanydistanceswithmanydegreesofindirectness，mustcarry

intothenebulousmasseventuallyformed，numerousmomentaunlikeintheir

amountsanddirections。Astheintegrationprogresses，suchpartsofthese

momentaasconflictaremutuallyneutralized，anddissipatedasheat。Unless

theoriginaldistributionisquitesymmetrical，whichisinfinitelyimprobable，

rotationwillresult。Themasshavingatfirstunlikeangularvelocities

attheperipheryandatvariousdistancesfromthecentrewillhaveitsdifferences

ofangularvelocitygraduallyreduced;advancingtowardsafinalstate，now

nearlyreachedbytheSuninwhichtheangularvelocityofthewholemass

isthesame——inwhichthemotionisintegrated。So，too，witheachplanet

andsatellite。Progressfromthemotionofanebulousring，incoherentand

admittingofmuchrelativemotionwithinitsmass，tothemotionofadense

spheroid，isprogresstoamotionthatiscompletelyintegrated。Therotation，

andthetranslationthroughspace，severallybecomeoneandindivisible。

Meanwhile，therehasbeenestablishedthatfurtherintegrationdisplayed

bythemotionsoftheSolarSystemasawhole。Locallyineachplanetand

itssatellites，andgenerallyintheSunandtheplanets，wehaveasystem

ofsimpleandcompoundrhythms，withperiodicandsecularvariations，formingtogetheranintegratedsetofmovements。Alongwithadvancingintegrationofthemotionstherehasgoneadvance

inthemultiformityanddistinctnessofthem。Thematterwhich，initsoriginal

diffusedstate，hadmovementsthatwereconfused，indeterminate，orwithout

sharply—markeddistinctions，has，duringtheevolutionoftheSolarSystem，

acquireddefinitelyheterogeneousmovements。Theperiodsofrevolutionof

alltheplanetsandsatellitesareunlike;asarealsotheirtimesofrotation。

Outofthesedefinitelyheterogeneousmotionsofasimplekind，ariseothers

thatarecomplex，butstilldefinite;——asthoseproducedbytherevolutions

ofsatellitescompoundedwiththerevolutionsoftheirprimaries;asthose

ofwhichprecessionistheresult;andasthosewhichareknownasperturbations。

Eachadditionalcomplexityofstructurehascausedadditionalcomplexity

ofmovements;butstill，adefinitecomplexity，asisshownbyhavingcalculableresults。§141。WhiletheEarth\'ssurfacewasmolten，thecurrentsinthevoluminous

atmospheresurroundingit，mainlyofascendingheatedgasesandofdescending

precipitatedliquids，musthavebeenlocal，numerous，indefinite，andbut

littledistinguishedfromoneanother。Butwhenafteravastperiodthesurface，

nowsolidified，hadsofarcooledthatsolarradiationbegantocauseappreciable

differencesoftemperaturebetweentheequatorialandpolarregions，anatmospheric

circulationfrompolestoequatorandfromequatortopoles，musthaveslowly

establisheditself:othervastmovingmassesofairbecoming，atlast，trade—winds

andothersuchpermanentdefinitecurrents。Theseintegratedmotions，once

comparativelyhomogeneous，wererenderedheterogeneousasgreatislandsand

continentsarose，tocomplicatethembyperiodicwinds，causedbythevaried

heatingofwidetractsoflandatdifferentseasons。Rhythmicalmotionsof

aconstantandsimplekind，were，byincreasingmultiformityoftheEarth\'s

surface，differentiatedintoaninvolvedcombinationofconstantandrecurrentrhythmicalmotions，joinedwithsmallermotionsthatareirregular。Parallelchangesmusthavetakenplaceinthemotionsofwater。Onathin

crust，admittingofbutsmallelevationsanddepressions，andthereforeof

butsmalllakesandseas，nonebeyondsmalllocalcirculationswerepossible。

Butalongwiththeformationofcontinentsandoceans，camethevastmovements

ofwaterfromwarmlatitudestocoldandfromcoldtowarm——movementsincreasing

inamount，indefiniteness，andinvarietyofdistribution，asthefeatures

oftheEarth\'ssurfacebecamelargerandmorecontrasted。Thelikeholds

withdrainagewaters。Thetricklingsofinsignificantstreamsoversmall

tractsofland，wereoncealonepossible;butasfastaswideareascame

intoexistence，themotionsofmanytributariesbecamemassedintothemotions

ofgreatrivers;andinsteadofmotionsverymuchalike，therearosemotionsconsiderablyvaried。NorcanwewelldoubtthatthechangesintheEarth\'scrustitself，have

presentedananalogousprogress。Small，numerous，local，andlikeoneanother，

whilethecrustwasthin，themovementsofelevationandsubsidencemust，

asthecrustthickened，haveextendedoverlargerareas，musthavecontinued

forlongererasinthesamedirections，andmusthavebeenmademoreunlikeindifferentregionsbylocaldifferencesofstructure。§142。Inorganismstheadvancetowardsamoreintegrated，heterogeneous，

anddefinitedistributionoftheretainedmotion，whichaccompaniestheadvance

towardsamoreintegrated，heterogeneous，anddefinitedistributionofthe

componentmatter，ismainlywhatweunderstandasthedevelopmentoffunctions。

Allactivefunctionsareeithersensiblemovements，asthoseproducedby

contractileorgans;orsuchinsensiblemovementsasthosepropagatedthrough

nerves;orsuchinsensiblemovementsasthosebywhich，insecretingorgans，

molecularre—arrangementsareeffected，andnewcombinationsofmatterproduced。

Andduringevolutionfunctions，likestructures，becomemoreconsolidated

individually，aswellasmorecombinedwithoneanother，atthesametimethattheybecomemoremultiformandmoredistinct。Thenutritivejuicesinanimalsoflowtypesmovehitherandthitherthrough

thetissuesquiteirregularly，aslocalstrainsandpressuresdetermine:

intheabsenceofatruebloodandadistinctvascularsystem，thereisno

definitecirculation。Butalongwiththestructuralevolutionwhichestablishes

agoodapparatusfordistributingblood，theregoesonthefunctionalevolution

whichestablisheslargeandrapidmovementsofblood，definiteintheircourses

anddefinitelydistinguishedasefferentandafferent，andthatareheterogeneous

bothintheirdirectionsandintheircharacters:beingheredividedintogushesandtherecontinuous。Again，accompanyingthestructuraldifferentiationsandintegrationsof

thealimentarycanal，therearisedifferentiationsandintegrationsboth

ofitsmechanicalmovementsanditsactionsofanon—mechanicalkind。Along

analimentarycanalofaprimitivetypetherepass，almostuniformlyfrom

endtoend，wavesofconstriction。Butinawell—organizedalimentarycanal，

thewavesofconstrictionarewidelyunlikeatdifferentparts，intheir

kinds，strengths，andrapidities。Intheoesophagustheyarepropulsivein

theiroffice，andtravellingwithconsiderablespeed，takeplaceatintervals

duringeating，andthendonottakeplacetillthenextmeal。Inthestomach

anothermodificationofthisoriginallyuniformactionoccurs:themuscular

constrictionsarepowerful，andcontinueduringthelongperiodsthatthe

stomachcontainsfood。Throughouttheupperintestines，again，afurther

differenceshowsitself——thewavestravelalongwithoutcessationbutare

relativelymoderate。Finally，intherectumthisrhythmdepartsinanother

wayfromthecommontype:quiescence，lastingformanyhours，isfollowed

byaseriesofstrongcontractions。Meanwhile，theessentialactionswhich

thesemovementsaid，havebeengrowingmoredefinitelyheterogeneous。Secretion

andabsorptionarenolongercarriedoninmuchthesamewayfromendto

endofthetube;butthegeneralfunctiondividesintovarioussubordinate

functions。Thesolventsandfermentsfurnishedbythecoatsofthecanal

andtheappendedglands，becomewidelyunlikeatupper，middle，andlower

partsofthecanal;implyingdifferentkindsofmolecularchanges。Herethe

processismainlysecretorythereitismainlyabsorbent，andinotherplaces，

asintheoesophagus，neithersecretionnorabsorptiontakesplacetoany

appreciableextent。Whiletheseandotherinternalmotions，sensibleand

insensible，arebeingrenderedmorevarious，andseverallymoreintegrated

andmoredistinct，thereisadvancingtheintegrationbywhichtheyareunited

intolocalgroupsofmotionsandacombinedsystemofmotions。Whilethe

functionofalimentationsubdivides，itssubdivisionsbecomeco—ordinated，

sothatmuscularandsecretoryactionsgooninconcert，andsothatexcitement

ofonepartofthecanalsetsupexcitementoftherest。Moreover，thewhole

alimentaryfunction，whileitsuppliesmatterforthecirculatoryandrespiratory

functions，becomessointegratedwiththemthatitcannotforamomentgo

onwithoutthem。And，asevolutionadvances，allthreeofthesefundamental

functionsfallintogreatersubordinationtothenervousfunctions——depend

moreandmoreontheduemountofnervousdischarge;whileatthesametime

theirmotionsbecomeco—ordinated，orinasenseintegrated，withthoseofthenervo—muscularsystem，onwhichtheydependforthesupplyofmaterials。###第31章Whenwetraceupthefunctionsofmotororgansthesametruthdiscloses

itself。Microscopiccreaturesaremovedthroughthewaterbytheoscillations

ofcilia，herelargeandsingleordouble，andheresmallerandnumerous;

andvariouslargerforms，astheTurbellaria，progressbyciliaryaction

oversolidsurfaces。Thesemotionsofciliaare，inthefirstplace，severally

veryminute;inthesecondplacetheyarehomogeneous;andinthethirdplace

thereisbutlittledefinitenessinthemindividually，orintheirjoint

product，whichismostlyarandomchangeofpositionnotdirectedtoany

selectedpoint。Contrastingthisciliaryactionwiththeactionofdeveloped

locomotiveorgans，weseethatinsteadofmanysmallorunintegratedmovements

thereareafewcomparativelylargeorintegratedmovements;thatactions

allalikearereplacedbyactionspartiallyorwhollyunlike;andthatinstead

ofbeingveryfeeblyoralmostaccidentallyco—ordinated，theirdefinite

co—ordinationrendersthemotionsofthebodyasawhole，precise。Aparallel

contrast，lessextremebutsufficientlydecided，isseenwhenwepassfrom

thelowertypesofcreatureswithlimbstothehighertypesofcreatures

withlimbs。ThelegsofaCentipedehavemotionsthatarenumerous，small，

andhomogeneous;andaresolittleintegratedthatwhenthecreatureisdivided

andsubdivided，thelegsbelongingtoeachpartpropelthatpartindependently。

ButinoneofthehigherArthropoda:asaCrab，therelativelyfewlimbs

havemotionswhicharecomparativelylargeintheiramounts，whichareconsiderably

unlikeoneanother，andwhichareintegratedintototalbodilymovementsofmuchdefiniteness。§143。Thelastillustrationsintroduceustoillustrationsofthe

kindclassedasmental。Theyarethephysiologicalaspectsofthesimpler

amongthosefunctionswhich，underamorespecialandcomplexaspect，we

distinguishaspsychological。Thephenomenasubjectivelyknownaschanges

inconsciousness，areobjectivelyknownasnervousexcitationsanddischarges，

whichsciencenowinterpretsintomodesofmotion。Hence，infollowingup

organicevolution，advanceoftheretainedmotionalikeinintegration，in

heterogeneity，andindefiniteness，maybeexpectedtoshowitselfbothin

thevisiblenervo—muscularactionsandinthecorrelativementalchanges。

Wemayconvenientlylookatthefactsasexhibitedduringindividualevolution，beforelookingatthemasexhibitedingeneralevolution。Theprogressofachildinspeechveryclearlydisplaysthetransformation。

Infantinenoisesarecomparativelyhomogeneous;alikeasbeingseverally

long—drawnandnearlyuniformfromendtoend，andasbeingconstantlyrepeated

withbutlittlevariationofquality。Theyarequiteun—co—ordinated——there

isnointegrationofthemintocompoundsounds。Theyareinarticulate，or

withoutthosedefinitebeginningsandendingsandjoiningscharacterizing

words。Progressshowsitselffirstinthemultiplicationoftheinarticulate

sounds:theextremevowelsareaddedtothemediumvowels，andthecompound

tothesimple。Presentlythemovementswhichformthesimplerconsonants

areachieved，andsomeofthesoundsbecomesharplycut;butthisdefiniteness

ispartial，foronlyinitialconsonantsbeingused，thesoundsendvaguely。

Whileanapproachtodistinctnessthusresults，therealsoresults，bycombination

ofdifferentconsonantswiththesamevowels，anincreaseofheterogeneity;

andalongwiththecompletedistinctnesswhichterminalconsonantsgive，

arisesafurthergreatadditiontothenumberofunlikesoundsproduced。

Themoredifficultconsonantsandthecompoundconsonants，imperfectlyarticulated

atfirst，areby—and—byarticulatedwithprecision;andhencearisesanother

multitudeofdifferentanddefinitewords——wordsthatimplymanykinds

ofvocalmovements，severallyperformedwithexactness，aswellasperfectly

integratedintocomplexgroups。Thesubsequentadvancetodissyllablesand

polysyllables，andtoinvolvedcombinationsofwords，showsthestillhigher

degreeofintegrationandheterogeneityeventuallyreachedbytheseorganicmotions。Theactsofconsciousnesscorrelatedwiththesenervo—muscularacts，of

coursegothroughparallelphases;andtheadvancefromchildhoodtomaturity

yieldsdailyproofthatthechangeswhich，ontheirphysicalsidearenervous

processes，andontheirmentalsideareprocessesofthought，becomemore

various，moredefined，morecoherent。Atfirsttheintellectualfunctions

aremuchalikeinkind——recognitionsandclassificationsofsimpleimpressions

alonegoon;butincourseoftimethesefunctionsbecomemultiform。Reasoning

growsdistinguishable，andeventuallywehaveconsciousinductionanddeduction;

deliberaterecollectionanddeliberateimaginationareaddedtosimpleunguided

associationofides;morespecialmodesofmentalaction，asthosewhich

resultinmathematics，music，poetry，arise;andwithineachofthesedivisions

thementalmovementsareeverbeingfurtherdifferentiated。Indefiniteness

itisthesame。Atfirsttheinfantmakesitsobservationssoinaccurately

thatitfailstodistinguishindividuals。Thechilderrscontinuallyinits

spelling，itsgrammar，itsarithmetic。Theyouthformsincorrectjudgments

ontheaffairsoflife。Onlywithmaturitycomesthatpreciseco—ordination

ofdatawhichisimpliedbyagoodadjustmentofthoughtstothings。Lastly，

withtheintegrationbywhichsimplementalactsarecombinedintocomplex

mentalacts，weseethelike。Inthenurseryyoucannotobtaincontinuous

attention——thereisinabilitytoformacoherentseriesofimpressions;

andthereisaparallelinabilitytounitemanyco—existentimpressions，

evenofthesameorder:witnessthewayinwhichachild\'sremarksonapicture，

showthatitattendsonlytotheindividualobjectsrepresented，andnever

tothepictureasawhole。Butadvancingyearsbringtheabilitytounderstand

aninvolvedsentence，tofollowlongtrainsofreasoning，toholdinone

mentalgraspnumerousconcurrentcircumstances。Alikeprogressiveintegration

takesplaceamongthementalchangeswedistinguishasfeelings;whichin

achildactsingly，producingimpulsiveness，butinanadultactmoreinconcert，producingacomparativelybalancedconduct。Aftertheseillustrationssuppliedbyindividualevolution，wemaydeal

brieflywiththosesuppliedbygeneralevolution，whichareanalogousto

them。Acreatureofverylowintelligence，whenawareofsomelargeobject

inmotionnearit，makesaspasmodicmovement，causing，itmaybe，aleap

oradart。Theperceptionsimpliedarerelativelysimple，homogeneous，and

indefinite:themovingobjectsarenotdistinguishedintheirkindsasinjurious

orotherwise，asadvancingorreceding。Theactionsofescape，too，areall

ofonekind，havenoadjustmentsofdirection，andmaybringthecreature

nearerthesourceofperilinsteadoffurtheroff。Atahigherstagethe

dartortheleapisawayfromdanger:thenervouschangesaresofarspecialized

thatthereresultsdistinctionofdirection;indicatingagreatervariety

amongthem，agreaterco—ordinationorintegrationofthemineachprocess，

andagreaterdefiniteness。Instillhigheranimals，abletodiscriminate

betweenenemiesandnot—enemies，asabirdwhichfliesfromamanbutnot

fromacow，theactsofperceptionhaveseverallybecomeunitedintomore

complexwholes，sincecognitionofcertaindifferentialattributesisimplied;

theyhavealsobecomemoremultiform，sinceeachadditionalcomponentimpression

addstothenumberofpossiblecompounds;andtheyhave，byconsequence，

becomemorespecificintheircorrespondenceswithobjects——moredefinite。

Andtheninanimalssointelligentthattheyidentifybysightnotspecies

onlybutindividualsofaspecies，thementalchangesareyetfurtherdistinguished

inthesamethreeways。Inthecourseofhumanevolutionthelawisequally

manifested。Thethoughtsofthesavagearenothinglikesoheterogeneous

intheirkindsasthoseofthecivilizedman，whosecomplexenvironmentpresents

amultiplicityofnewphenomena。Hismentalacts，tooaremuchlessinvolved

——hehasnowordsforabstractideas，andisfoundtobeincapableofintegrating

theelementsofsuchideas。Andinallbutsimplemattersthereisnoneof

thatprecisioninhisthinking，andthatgraspingofmanylinkedconceptions，which，amongcivilizedmen，leadstotheexactconclusionsofscience。§144。Howinsocietiesthemovementsorfunctionsproducedbythe

confluenceofindividualactions，increaseintheiramounts，theirmultiformities，

theirprecision，andtheircombination，scarcelyneedsinsistinguponafter

whathasbeenpottedoutinforegoingchapters。Forthesakeofsymmetryofstatement，however，atypicalexampleortwomaybesetdown。Atfirstthemilitaryactivities，undifferentiatedfromtherest（all

meninprimitivesocietiesbeingwarriors）arerelativelyhomogeneous，ill—combined，

andindefinite:savagesmakingajointattackseverallyfightindependently;

insimilarways，andwithoutorder。Butassocietiesevolvethemovements

ofthethousandsofsoldierswhichreplacethetensofwarriors，aredivided

andre—dividedintheirkindsofmovements:herearegunners，thereinfantry

andelsewherecavalry。Withineachofthedifferentiatedfunctionsofthese

bodiestherecomeothers:therearedistinctactionsofprivates，sergeants，

captains，colonels，generals，asalsoofthosewhoconstitutethecommissariat

andthosewhoattendtothewounded。Theclusteredmotionsthathavethus

becomecomparativelyheterogeneousingeneralandindetail，havesimultaneously

increasedinprecision;sothatinbattle，menandtheregimentsformedof

them，aremadetotakedefinitepositionsandperformdefiniteactsatdefinite

times。Oncemore，therehasgoneonthatintegrationbywhichthemultiform

actionsofanarmyaredirectedtoasingleend。Byaco—ordinatingapparatus

havingthecommander—in—chiefforitscentre，thecharges，andhalts，and

retreatsaredulyconcerted;andahundredthousandindividualmotionsareunitedunderonewill。Againoncomparingtheruleofasavagechiefwiththatofacivilized

government，aidedbyitssubordinatelocalgovernmentsandtheirofficers，

downtothepolice，weseehow，asmenhaveadvancedfromtribesofhundreds

tonationsofmillions，theregulativeactionhasgrownlargeinamount;

how，guidedbywrittenlaws，ithaspassedfromvaguenessandirregularity

tocomparativeprecision;andhowithassubdividedintoprocessesincreasingly

multiform。Orafterobservinghowthebarterthatgoesonamongbarbarians

differsfromourowncommercialprocesses，bywhichamillion\'sworthof

commoditiesisdistributeddaily;bywhichtherelativevaluesofarticles

immenselyvariedinkindsandqualitiesareexactlymeasured，andthesupplies

adjustedtothedemands;andbywhichindustrialactivitiesofallorders

aresocombinedthateachdependsontherestandaidstherest;weseethat

thekindofmovementwhichconstitutestrade，hasbecomeprogressivelymorevast，morevaried，moredefinite，andmoreintegrated。§145。AfinishedconceptionofEvolutionthusincludesthere—distribution

oftheretainedmotion，aswellasthatofthecomponentmatter。Thisadded

elementoftheconceptionisscarcely，ifatall，lessimportantthanthe

other。ThemovementsoftheSolarSystemhaveasignificanceequaltothat

whichthesizes，forms，andrelativedistancesofitsmemberspossess。The

Earth\'sgeographicalandgeologicalstructurearenotmoreimportantelements

intheorderofNaturethanarethemotions，regularandirregular，ofthe

waterandtheairclothingit。Andofthephenomenapresentedbyanorganism，

itmustbeadmittedthatthecombinedsensibleandinsensibleactionswe

callitslife，donotyieldininteresttoitsstructuraltraits。Leaving

out，however，allimpliedreferencetothewayinwhichthesetwoorders

offactsconcernus，itisclearthatwitheachredistributionofmatter

therenecessarilygoesare—distributionofmotion;andthattheunifiedknowledgeconstitutingPhilosophy，mustcomprehendbothaspectsofthetransformation。Ourformula，therefore，needsanadditionalclause。Tocombinethissatisfactorily

withtheclausesastheystandinthelastchapter，isscarcelypracticable;

andforconvenienceofexpressionitwillbebesttochangetheirorder。

Ondoingthis，andmakingtherequisiteaddition，theformulafinallystands

thus:——Evolutionisanintegrationofmatterandconcomitantdissipation

ofmotion;duringwhichthematterpassesfromanindefinite，incoherent

homogeneitytoadefinite，coherentheterogeneityandduringwhichtheretainedmotionundergoesaparalleltransformation。[Note。Onlyatthelastmoment，whenthissheetisreadyforpressand

alltherestofthevolumeisstandingintype，sothatnewmattercannot

beintroducedwithoutchangingthe"makingup"throughout150pages，

haveIperceivedthattheaboveformulashouldbeslightlymodified。Hence

myonlypracticablecourseistoindicateherethealterationtobemade，andtosetforththereasonsforitinAppendixA。ThedefinitionofEvolutionneedsqualifyingbyintroductionoftheword

"relatively"beforeeachofitsantitheticalclauses。Thestatement

shouldbethat"thematterpassesfromarelativelyindefinite，incoherent

homogeneitytoarelativelydefinite，coherentheterogeneity。"Already

thisqualificationhasbeenindicatedinanoteto§116（page295），

but，moreeffectuallytoexcludemisapprehensions，itmustbeincorporated

inthedefinition。InAppendixAarenamedthecircumstanceswhichledto

inadequaterecognitionofit。]

Chapter18TheInterpretationofEvolution§146。Isthislawultimateorderivative？Mustwerestsatisfied

withtheconclusionthatthroughoutallclassesofconcretephenomenasuch

isthecourseoftransformation？Orisitpossibleforustoascertainwhy

suchisthecourseoftransformation？Mayweseekforsomeall—pervading

principlewhichunderliesthisall—pervadingprocess？Cantheinductionssetforthintheprecedingfourchaptersbereducedtodeductions？Manifestlythiscommunityofresultimpliescommunityofcause。Itmay

bethatofthecausenoaccountcanbegiven，furtherthanthattheUnknowable

ismanifestedtousafterthismode。Or，itmaybethatthismodeofmanifestation

isimpliedbyasimplermode，fromwhichthesemanycomplexeffectsfollow。

Analogysuggeststhelatterinference。Justasitwaspossibletointerpret

theempiricalgeneralizationscalledKepler\'slaws，asnecessaryconsequences

ofthelawofgravitation;soitmaybepossibletointerprettheforegoingempiricalgeneralizationsasnecessaryconsequencesofsomedeeperlaw。Unlesswesucceedinfindingarationaleofthisuniversalmetamorphosis，

weobviouslyfallshortofthatcompletelyunifiedknowledgeconstituting

Philosophy。Astheyatpresentstand，theseveralconclusionswehavelately

reachedappeartobeindependent。Thereisnodemonstratedconnexionbetween

increasingdefinitenessandincreasingheterogeneity，orbetweenbothand

increasingintegration。Stilllessproofistherethattheselawsofthe

re—distributionofmatterandmotion，arenecessarilycorrelatedwiththose

lawsofthedirectionofmotionandtherhythmofmotion，previouslyset

forth。Butuntilweseethesenowseparatetruthstobeimplicationsofonetruth，ourknowledgeremainsimperfectlycoherent。§147。Thetaskbeforeus，then，isthatofexhibitingthephenomena

ofEvolutioninsyntheticorder。Settingoutfromanestablishedultimate

principle，ithastobeshownthatthecourseoftransformationamongall

kindsofexistences，cannotbutbethatwhichwehaveseenittobe。Ithas

tobeshownthatthere—distributionofmatterandmotion，musteverywhere

takeplaceinthoseways，andproducethosetraits，whichcelestialbodies，

organisms，societies，alikedisplay。Andithastobeshownthatinthis

universalityofprocess，istraceablethesamenecessitywhichwefindin

eachsimplestmovementaroundus，downtotheacceleratedfallofastoneortherecurrentbeatofaharp—string。Inotherwords，thephenomenaofEvolutionhavetobededucedfromthe

PersistenceofForce。Asbeforesaid——"tothisanultimateanalysis

bringsusdown，andonthisarationalsynthesismustbuildup。"This

beingtheultimatetruthwhichtranscendsexperiencebyunderlyingit，furnishes

acommonbasisonwhichthewidestgeneralizationsstand;andhencethese

widestgeneralizationsaretobeunifiedbyreferringthemtothiscommon

basis。Alreadythetruthsthatthereisequivalenceamongtransformedforces，

thatmotionfollowsthelineofleastresistanceorgreatesttractionand

thatitisuniversallyrhythmic，wehavefoundtobeseverallydeducible

fromthepersistenceofforce;andthisaffiliationofthemonthepersistence

offorcehasreducedthemtoacoherentwhole。Herewehavesimilarlyto

affiliatetheuniversaltraitsofEvolution，byshowingthat，giventhepersistence

offorce，there—distributionofMatterandMotionnecessarilyproceedsin

suchwaysastoproducethesetraits。Bydoingthisweshallunitethemas

correlativemanifestationsofonelaw，atthesametimethatweunitethislawwiththeforegoingsimplerlaws。§148。Beforeproceedingitwillbewelltosetdownsomeprinciples

thatmustbeborneinmind。IninterpretingEvolutionweshallhavetoconsider，

undertheirspecialforms，thevariousresolutionsofforceorenergywhich

accompanythere—distributionsofmatterandmotion。Letusglanceatsuchresolutionsundertheirmostgeneralforms。Anyincidentforceisprimarilydivisibleintoitseffectiveandnon—effective

portions。Inmechanicalimpacttheentiremomentumofastrikingbodyis

nevercommunicatedtothebodystruck:evenunderthosemostfavourableconditions

inwhichthestrikingbodylosesallitssensiblemotion，therestillremains

withitsomeoftheoriginalmomentumundertheshapeofthatinsensible

motionproducedamongitsparticlesbythecollision。Again，ofthelight

orheatfallingonanymass，apart，moreorlessconsiderable，isreflected;

andonlytheremainingpartworksmolecularchangesinthemass。Nextit

istobenotedthattheeffectiveforceisitselfdivisibleintothetemporarily

effectiveandthepermanentlyeffective。Theunitsofanaggregateacted

onmayundergoonlythoserhythmicalchangesofrelativepositionwhichconstitute

increasedvibration;ortheymayalsoundergochangesofrelativeposition

whicharenotfrominstanttoinstantneutralizedbyoppositeones。Ofthese

thefirst，disappearingintheshapeofradiatingundulations，leavethe

moleculararrangementasitoriginallywas;whilethesecondconducetoone

formofthatre—arrangementcharacterizingcompoundEvolution。Yetafurther

distinctionhastobemade。Thepermanentlyeffectiveforceworksoutchanges

ofrelativepositionoftwokinds——theinsensibleandthesensible。The

insensibletranspositionsamongtheunitsarethoseconstitutingmolecular

changes，includingwhatwecallchemicalcompositionanddecomposition;and

itisthesewhichlargelyconstitutethequalitativedifferencesthatarise

inanaggregate。Thesensibletranspositionsaresuchasresultwhencertain

oftheunits——molarunitsaswellasmolecularunits——insteadofbeing

putintodifferentrelationswiththeirimmediateneighbours，arecarriedawayfromthemanddepositedelsewhere。Concerningthesedivisionsandsubdivisionsofanyforceaffectingan

aggregate，thefactwhichitchieflyconcertsustoobserveis，thatthey

arecomplementarytooneanother。Ofthewholeincidentforce，theeffective

mustbethatwhichremainsafterdeductingthenon—effective。Thetwoparts

oftheeffectiveforcemustvaryinverselyaseachother:wheremuchofit

istemporarilyeffective，littleofitcanbepermanentlyeffective;and

viceversa。Lastly，thepermanentlyeffectiveforce，beingexpendedinworking

boththeinsensiblere—arrangementswhichconstitutemolecularmodification，

andthesensiblere—arrangementswhichresultinstructure，mustgenerate

ofeitherkindanamountthatisgreatorsmallinproportionasithasgenerated

asmallorgreatamountoftheother。

Chapter19

TheInstabilityoftheHomogenousExemplifyingInstabilityatLarge（*）<*Theideadevelopedinthischapteroriginallyformedpartofan

articleon"TranscendentalPhysiology，"publishedin1857。SeeEssays，Vol。I。>§149。Thedifficultyofdealingwithtransformationssomany—sided

asthosewhichallexistenceshaveundergone，orareundergoing，issuch

astomakeadefiniteorcompletedeductiveinterpretationseemalmosthopeless。

Sotograspthetotalprocessofre—distribution，astoseesimultaneously

itsseveralnecessaryresultsintheiractualinterdependence，isscarcely

possible。Thereis，however，amodeofrenderingtheprocessasawholetolerably

comprehensible。Thoughthegenesisofthere—arrangementundergonebyevery

evolvingaggregateisinitselfone，itpresentstoourintelligenceseveral

factors;andafterinterpretingtheeffectsofeachseparately，wemay，bysynthesisoftheinterpretations，formanadequateconception。Thepropositionwhichcomesfirstinlogicalorder，is，thatsomere—arrangement

mustresult;andthispropositionmaybebestdealtwithunderthemorespecificshape，thattheconditionofhomogeneityisaconditionofunstableequilibrium。First，astothemeaningsoftheterms，respectingwhichsomereaders

mayneedexplanation。Thestateof"unstableequilibrium，"sonamed

inmechanics，iswellillustratedbyastickstandingonitslowerend，in

contrastwiththestateofstableequilibriumofasticksuspendedbyits

upperend:theoneinstantlylosingitsequilibriumandtheotherregaining

itifdisturbed。Butthereadermustbewarnedagainstconfusingtheinstability

thusexemplifiedwiththeinstabilityheretobetreatedof。Theoneshown

byastickonendmaybecalledanexternalinstability，whilethatwhich

wehavenowtoconsiderisaninternalinstability。Itisnotallegedthat

ahomogeneousaggregateisliablebecauseofitshomogeneitytobeoverthrown

orderangedbyanexternalforce。Theallegationisthatitscomponentparts

cannotmaintaintheirarrangementsunaltered:theymustforthwithbegintochangetheirrelationstooneanother。Letustakeafewillustrations。Ofmechanicalonesthemostfamiliaristhatofthescales。Iftheybe

accuratelymadeandnotcloggedbydirtorrust，itisimpossibletokeep

apairofscalesperfectlybalanced:eventuallyonescalewilldescendand

theotherascend——theywillassumeaheterogeneousrelation。Couldamass

ofwaterbebroughtintoastateofperfecthomogeneity——astateofcomplete

quiescence，andexactlyequaldensitythroughout——yettheradiationof

heatfromneighbouringbodies，byaffectingdifferentlyitsdifferentparts，

wouldinevitablyproduceinequalitiesofdensityandconsequentcurrents;