第4章

Doesnotthefactthatthissensehasnotbeenhandeddowntouspointtoaflawinthepedigree？Isubmitthelittleproblemtotheevolutionists；andIshouldmuchliketoknowwhattheirprotoplasmandtheirnucleushavetosaytoit。

IsthisunknownsenselocalizedinaparticularpartoftheWaspandtheBee？Isitexercisedbymeansofaspecialorgan？Weimmediatelythinkoftheantennae。Theantennaearewhatwealwaysfallbackuponwhentheinsect’sactionsarenotquitecleartous；wegladlyputdowntothemwhateverismostnecessarytoourarguments。Forthatmatter，Ihadplentyoffairlygoodreasonsforsuspectingthemofcontainingthesenseofdirection。WhentheHairyAmmophila（ASand-

waspwhohuntstheGreyWorm，orCaterpillaroftheTurnip-moth，toserveasfoodforhergrubs。ForothervarietiesoftheAmmophila，cf。

"InsectLife"：chapter15。——Translator’sNote。）issearchingfortheGreyWorm，itiswithherantennae，thosetinyfingerscontinuallyfumblingatthesoil，thatsheseemstorecognizethepresenceoftheundergroundprey。Couldnotthoseinquisitivefilaments，whichseemtoguidetheinsectwhenhunting，alsoguideitwhentravelling？Thisremainedtobeseen；andIdidsee。

ItooksomeMason-beesandamputatedtheirantennaewiththescissors，ascloselyasIcould。Thesemaimedoneswerethencarriedtoadistanceandreleased。Theyreturnedtothenestwithaslittledifficultyastheothers。IonceexperimentedinthesamewaywiththelargestofourCerceres（Cerceristuberculata）（AnotherHuntingWasp，whofeedsheryoungonWeevils。Cf。"InsectLife"：chapters4and5。——

Translator’sNote。）；andtheWeevil-huntressreturnedtohergalleries。Thisridsusofonehypothesis：thesenseofdirectionisnotexercisedbytheantennae。Thenwhereisitsseat？Idonotknow。

WhatIdoknowisthattheMason-beeswithoutantennae，thoughtheygobacktothecells，donotresumework。Theypersistinflyinginfrontoftheirmasonry，theyalightontheclaycup，theyperchontherimofthecellandthere，seeminglypensiveandforlorn，standforalongtimecontemplatingtheworkwhichwillneverbefinished；theygooff，theycomeback，theydriveawayanyimportunateneighbour，buttheyfetchandcarrynomorehoneyormortar。Thenextday，theydonotappear。Deprivedofhertools，theworkerlosesallheartinhertask。

WhentheMason-beeisbuilding，theantennaeareconstantlyfeeling，fumblingandexploring，superintending，asitwere，thefinishingtouchesgiventothework。Theyareherinstrumentsofprecision；theyrepresentthebuilder’scompasses，square，levelandplumb-line。

Hithertomyexperimentshavebeenconfinedtothefemales，whoaremuchmorefaithfultothenestbyvirtueoftheirmaternalresponsibilities。Whatwouldthemalesdoiftheyweretakenfromhome？Ihavenogreatconfidenceintheseswainswho，forafewdays，formatumultuousthrongoutsidethenests，waitforthefemalestoemerge，quarrelfortheirpossession，amidendlessbrawls，andthendisappearwhentheworksareinfullswing。Whatcarethey，Iaskmyself，aboutreturningtothenatalnestratherthansettlingelsewhere，providedthattheyfindsomerecipientfortheiramatorydeclarations？Iwasmistaken：themalesdoreturntothenest。Itistruethat，inviewoftheirlackofstrength，Ididnotsubjectthemtoalongjourney：abouthalfamileorso。Nevertheless，thisrepresentedtothemadistantexpedition，anunknowncountry；forIdonotseethemgoonlongexcursions。Byday，theyvisitthenestsortheflowersinthegarden；atnight，theytakerefugeintheoldgalleriesorintheintersticesofthestone-heapsintheharmas。

ThesamenestsarefrequentedbytwoOsmia-bees（OsmiatricornisandOsmiaLatreillii），whobuildtheircellsinthegalleriesleftattheirdisposalbytheChalicodomae。Themostnumerousisthefirst，theThree-hornedOsmia。ItwasasplendidopportunitytotryanddiscovertowhatextentthesenseofdirectionmayberegardedasgeneralintheBeesandWasps；andItookadvantageofit。Well，theOsmiae（Osmiatricornis），bothmaleandfemale，canfindtheirwaybacktothenest。Myexperimentsweremadeveryquickly，withsmallnumbersandovershortdistances；buttheresultsagreedsocloselywiththeothersthatIwasconvinced。Alltold，thereturntothenest，includingmyearlierattempts，wasverifiedinthecaseoffourspecies：theChalicodomaoftheSheds，theChalicodomaoftheWalls，theThree-hornedOsmiaandtheGreatorWartedCerceris（Cerceristuberculata）。（"InsectLife"：chapter19。——Translator’sNote。）ShallI

generalizewithoutreserveandallowalltheHymenoptera（TheHymenopteraareanorderofinsectshavingfourmembranouswingsandincludetheBees，Wasps，Ants，Saw-fliesandIchneumon-flies。——

Translator’sNote。）thisfacultyoffindingtheirwayinunknowncountry？Ishalldonothingofthekind；forhere，tomyknowledge，isacontradictoryandverysignificantresult。

Amongthetreasuresofmyharmas-laboratory，IplaceinthefirstrankanAnt-hillofPolyergusrufescens，thecelebratedRedAnt，theslave-

huntingAmazon。Unabletorearherfamily，incapableofseekingherfood，oftakingitevenwhenitiswithinherreach，sheneedsservantswhofeedherandundertakethedutiesofhousekeeping。TheRedAntsmakeapracticeofstealingchildrentowaitonthecommunity。TheyransacktheneighbouringAnt-hills，thehomeofadifferentspecies；theycarryawaynymphs，whichsoonattainmaturityinthestrangehouseandbecomewillingandindustriousservants。

WhenthehotweatherofJuneandJulysetsin，IoftenseetheAmazonsleavetheirbarracksofanafternoonandstartonanexpedition。Thecolumnmeasuresfiveorsixyardsinlength。Ifnothingworthyofattentionbemetupontheroad，theranksarefairlywellmaintained；

but，atthefirstsuspicionofanAnt-hill，thevanguardhaltsanddeploysinaswarmingthrong，whichisincreasedbytheothersastheycomeuphurriedly。Scoutsaresentout；theAmazonsrecognizethattheyareonawrongtrack；andthecolumnformsagain。Itresumesitsmarch，crossesthegarden-paths，disappearsfromsightinthegrass，reappearsfartheron，threadsitswaythroughtheheapsofdeadleaves，comesoutagainandcontinuesitssearch。Atlast，anestofBlackAntsisdiscovered。TheRedAntshastendowntothedormitorieswherethenymphslieandsoonemergewiththeirbooty。Thenwehave，atthegatesoftheundergroundcity，abewilderingscrimmagebetweenthedefendingblacksandtheattackingreds。Thestruggleistoounequaltoremainindecisive。Victoryfallstothereds，whoracebacktotheirabode，eachwithherprize，aswaddlednymph，danglingfromhermandibles。Thereaderwhoisnotacquaintedwiththeseslave-

raidinghabitswouldbegreatlyinterestedinthestoryoftheAmazons。Irelinquishit，withmuchregret：itwouldtakeustoofarfromoursubject，namely，thereturntothenest。

Thedistancecoveredbythenymph-stealingcolumnvaries：italldependsonwhetherBlackAntsareplentifulintheneighbourhood。Attimes，tenortwentyyardssuffice；atothers，itrequiresfifty，ahundredormore。Ioncesawtheexpeditiongobeyondthegarden。TheAmazonsscaledthesurroundingwall，whichwasthirteenfeethighatthatpoint，climbedoveritandwentonalittlefarther，intoacornfield。Asfortheroutetaken，thisisamatterofindifferencetothemarchingcolumn。Bareground，thickgrass，aheapofdeadleavesorstones，brickwork，aclumpofshrubs：allarecrossedwithoutanymarkedpreferenceforonesortofroadratherthananother。

Whatisrigidlyfixedisthepathhome，whichfollowstheoutwardtrackinallitswindingsandallitscrossings，howeverdifficult。

Ladenwiththeirplunder，theRedAntsreturntothenestbythesameroad，oftenanexceedinglycomplicatedone，whichtheexigenciesofthechasecompelledthemtotakeoriginally。Theyrepasseachspotwhichtheypassedatfirst；andthisistothemamatterofsuchimperativenecessitythatnoadditionalfatiguenoreventhegravestdangercanmakethemalterthetrack。

Letussupposethattheyhavecrossedathickheapofdeadleaves，representingtothemapathbesetwithyawninggulfs，whereeverymomentsomeonefalls，wheremanyareexhaustedastheystruggleoutofthehollowsandreachtheheightsbymeansofswayingbridges，emergingatlastfromthelabyrinthoflanes。Nomatter：ontheirreturn，theywillnotfail，thoughweigheddownwiththeirburden，oncemoretostrugglethroughthatwearymaze。Toavoidallthisfatigue，theywouldhavebuttoswerveslightlyfromtheoriginalpath，forthegood，smoothroadisthere，hardlyastepaway。Thislittledeviationneveroccurstothem。

Icameuponthemonedaywhentheywereononeoftheirraids。Theyweremarchingalongtheinneredgeofthestone-workofthegarden-

pond，whereIhavereplacedtheoldbatrachiansbyacolonyofGold-

fish。Thewindwasblowingveryhardfromthenorthand，takingthecolumninflank，sentwholerowsoftheAntsflyingintothewater。

Thefishhurriedup；theywatchedtheperformanceandgobbledupthedrowninginsects。Itwasadifficultbit；andthecolumnwasdecimatedbeforeithadpassed。Iexpectedtoseethereturnjourneymadebyanotherroad，whichwouldwindroundandavoidthefatalcliff。Notatall。Thenymph-ladenbandresumedtheparlouspathandtheGoldfishreceivedadoublewindfall：theAntsandtheirprizes。Ratherthanalteritstrack，thecolumnwasdecimatedasecondtime。

Itisnoteasytofindthewayhomeagainafteradistantexpedition，duringwhichtherehavebeenvarioussorties，nearlyalwaysbydifferentpaths；andthisdifficultymakesitabsolutelynecessaryfortheAmazonstoreturnbythesameroadbywhichtheywent。Theinsecthasnochoiceofroute，ifitwouldnotbelostontheway：itmustcomebackbythetrackwhichitknowsandwhichithaslatelytravelled。TheProcessionaryCaterpillars，whentheyleavetheirnestandgotoanotherbranch，onanothertree，insearchofatypeofleafmoretotheirtaste，carpetthecoursewithsilkandareabletoreturnhomebyfollowingthethreadsstretchedalongtheirroad。Thisisthemostelementarymethodopentotheinsectliabletostrayonitsexcursions：asilkenpathbringsithomeagain。TheProcessionaries，withtheirunsophisticatedtraffic-laws，areverydifferentfromtheMason-beesandothers，whohaveaspecialsensetoguidethem。

TheAmazon，thoughbelongingtotheHymenopteronclan，herselfpossessesratherlimitedhoming-faculties，aswitnesshercompulsoryreturnbyherformertrail。Cansheimitate，toacertainextent，theProcessionaries’method，thatistosay，doessheleave，alongtheroadtraversed，notaseriesofconductingthreads，forsheisnotequippedforthatwork，butsomeodorousemanation，forinstancesomeformicscent，whichwouldallowhertoguideherselfbymeansoftheolfactorysense？Thisviewisprettygenerallyaccepted。TheAnts，peoplesay，areguidedbythesenseofsmell；andthissenseofsmellappearstohaveitsseatintheantennae，whichweseeincontinualpalpitation。Itisdoubtlessveryreprehensible，butImustadmitthatthetheorydoesnotinspiremewithoverwhelmingenthusiasm。Inthefirstplace，Ihavemysuspicionsaboutasenseofsmellseatedintheantennae：Ihavegivenmyreasonsbefore；and，next，IhopetoprovebyexperimentthattheRedAntsarenotguidedbyascentofanykind。

TolieinwaitformyAmazons，forwholeafternoonsonend，oftenunsuccessfully，meanttakinguptoomuchofmytime。Iengagedanassistantwhosehourswerenotsomuchoccupiedasmine。Itwasmygrand-daughterLucie，alittleroguewholikedtohearmystoriesoftheAnts。Shehadbeenpresentatthegreatbattlebetweentheredsandblacksandwasmuchimpressedbytherapeofthelong-clothesbabies。Well-coachedinherexaltedfunctions，veryproudofalreadyservingthataugustlady，Science，mylittleLuciewouldwanderaboutthegarden，whentheweatherseemedpropitious，andkeepaneyeontheRedAnts，havingbeencommissionedtoreconnoitrecarefullytheroadtothepillagedAnt-hill。Shehadgivenproofofherzeal；Icouldrelyuponit。

Oneday，whileIwasspinningoutmydailyquotaofprose，therecameabangingatmystudy-door：

’It’sI，Lucie！Comequick：theredshavegoneintotheblacks’house。

Comequick！’

’Anddoyouknowtheroadtheytook？’

’Yes，Imarkedit。’

’What！Markedit？How？’

’IdidwhatHop-o’-my-Thumbdid：Iscatteredlittlewhitestonesalongtheroad。’

Ihurriedout。Thingshadhappenedasmysix-year-oldcolleaguesaid。

Luciehadsecuredherprovisionofpebblesinadvanceand，onseeingtheAmazonregimentleavebarracks，hadfollowedthemstepbystepandplacedherstonesatintervalsalongtheroadcovered。TheAntshadmadetheirraidandwerebeginningtoreturnalongthetrackoftell-

talepebbles。Thedistancetothenestwasaboutahundredpaces，whichgavemetimetomakepreparationsforanexperimentpreviouslycontemplated。

Itakeabigbroomandsweepthetrackforaboutayardacross。Thedustyparticlesonthesurfacearethusremovedandreplacedbyothers。Iftheyweretaintedwithanyodorouseffluvia，theirabsencewillthrowtheAntsoffthetrack。Idividetheroad，inthisway，atfourdifferentpoints，afewfeetapart。

Thecolumnarrivesatthefirstsection。ThehesitationoftheAntsisevident。Somerecedeandthenreturn，onlytorecedeoncemore；otherswanderalongtheedgeofthecutting；othersdispersesidewaysandseemtobetryingtoskirttheunknowncountry。Theheadofthecolumn，atfirstcloseduptoawidthofafootorso，nowscatterstothreeorfouryards。Butfresharrivalsgatherintheirnumbersbeforetheobstacle；theyformamightyarray，anundecidedhorde。Atlast，afewAntsventureintothesweptzoneandothersfollow，whileafewhavemeantimegoneaheadandrecoveredthetrackbyacircuitousroute。Attheothercuttings，therearethesamehalts，thesamehesitations；nevertheless，theyarecrossed，eitherinastraightlineorbygoinground。Inspiteofmysnares，theAntsmanagetoreturntothenest；andthatbywayofthelittlestones。

Theresultoftheexperimentseemstoargueinfavourofthesenseofsmell。Fourtimesover，therearemanifesthesitationswherevertheroadisswept。Thoughthereturntakesplace，nevertheless，alongtheoriginaltrack，thismaybeduetotheunevenworkofthebroom，whichhasleftcertainparticlesofthescenteddustinposition。TheAntswhowentroundtheclearedportionmayhavebeenguidedbythesweepingsremovedtoeitherside。Before，therefore，pronouncingjudgmentfororagainstthesenseofsmell，itwerewelltorenewtheexperimentunderbetterconditionsandtoremoveeverythingcontainingavestigeofscent。

Afewdayslater，whenIhavedefinitelydecidedonmyplan，Lucieresumesherwatchandsooncomestotellmeofasortie。Iwascountingonit，fortheAmazonsrarelymissanexpeditionduringthehotandsultryafternoonsofJuneandJuly，especiallywhentheweatherthreatensstorm。Hop-o’-my-Thumb’spebblesoncemoremarkouttheroad，onwhichIchoosethepointbest-suitedtomyschemes。

Agarden-hoseisfixedtooneofthefeedersofthepond；thesluiceisopened；andtheAnts’pathiscutbyacontinuoustorrent，twoorthreefeetwideandofunlimitedlength。Thesheetofwaterflowsswiftlyandplentifullyatfirst，soastowashthegroundwellandremoveanythingthatmaypossessascent。Thisthoroughwashinglastsfornearlyaquarterofanhour。Then，whentheAntsdrawnear，returningfromtheplunder，Iletthewaterflowmoreslowlyandreduceitsdepth，soasnottoovertaxthestrengthoftheinsects。

NowwehaveanobstaclewhichtheAmazonsmustsurmount，ifitisabsolutelynecessaryforthemtofollowthefirsttrail。

Thistime，thehesitationlastslongandthestragglershavetimetocomeupwiththeheadofthecolumn。Nevertheless，anattemptismadetocrossthetorrentbymeansofafewbitsofgravelprojectingabovethewater；then，failingtofindbottom，themorerecklessoftheAntsaresweptofftheirfeetand，withoutloosingholdoftheirprizes，driftaway，landonsomeshoal，regainthebankandrenewtheirsearchforaford。AfewstrawsborneonthewatersstopandbecomesomanyshakybridgesonwhichtheAntsclimb。Dryolive-leavesareconvertedintorafts，eachwithitsloadofpassengers。Themoreventuresome，partlybytheirownefforts，partlybygoodluck，reachtheoppositebankwithoutadventitiousaid。Iseesomewho，draggedbythecurrenttooneortheotherbank，twoorthreeyardsoff，seemverymuchconcernedastowhattheyshalldonext。Amidthisdisorder，amidthedangersofdrowning，notoneletsgoherbooty。Shewouldnotdreamofdoingso：deathsoonerthanthat！Inaword，thetorrentiscrossedsomehoworotheralongtheregulartrack。

Thescentoftheroadcannotbethecauseofthis，itseemstome，forthetorrentnotonlywashedthegroundsometimebeforehandbutalsopoursfreshwateronitallthetimethatthecrossingistakingplace。Letusnowseewhatwillhappenwhentheformicscent，iftherereallybeoneonthetrail，isreplacedbyanother，muchstrongerodour，oneperceptibletoourownsenseofsmell，whichthefirstisnot，atleastnotunderpresentconditions。

Iwaitforathirdsortieand，atonepointintheroadtakenbytheAnts，rubthegroundwithsomehandfulsoffreshlygatheredmint。I

coverthetrack，alittlefartheron，withtheleavesofthesameplant。TheAnts，ontheirreturn，crossthesectionoverwhichthemintwasrubbedwithoutapparentlygivingitathought；theyhesitateinfrontofthesectionheapedupwithleavesandthengostraighton。

Afterthesetwoexperiments，firstwiththetorrentofwaterwhichwashesawayalltracesofsmellfromthegroundandthenwiththemintwhichchangesthesmell，IthinkthatwearenolongeratlibertytoquotescentastheguideoftheAntsthatreturntothenestbytheroadwhichtheytookatstarting。Furthertestswilltellusmoreaboutit。

Withoutinterferingwiththesoil，Inowlayacrossthetracksomelargesheetsofpaper，newspapers，keepingtheminpositionwithafewsmallstones。Infrontofthiscarpet，whichcompletelyalterstheappearanceoftheroad，withoutremovinganysortofscentthatitmaypossess，theAntshesitateevenlongerthanbeforeanyofmyothersnares，includingthetorrent。Theyarecompelledtomakemanifoldattempts，reconnaissancestorightandleft，forwardmovementsandrepeatedretreats，beforeventuringaltogetherintotheunknownzone。

Thepaperstraitsarecrossedatlastandthemarchresumedasusual。

AnotherambushawaitstheAmazonssomedistancefartheron。Ihavedividedthetrackbyathinlayerofyellowsand，thegrounditselfbeinggrey。ThischangeofcolouraloneisenoughforamomenttodisconcerttheAnts，whoagainhesitateinthesameway，thoughnotforsolong，astheydidbeforethepaper。Eventually，thisobstacleisovercomeliketheothers。

Asneitherthestretchofsandnorthestretchofpapergotridofanyscentedeffluviawithwhichthetrailmayhavebeenimpregnated，itispatentthat，astheAntshesitatedandstoppedinthesamewayasbefore，theyfindtheirwaynotbysenseofsmell，butreallyandtrulybysenseofsight；for，everytimethatIaltertheappearanceofthetrackinanywaywhatever——whetherbymydestructivebroom，mystreamingwater，mygreenmint，mypapercarpetormygoldensand——thereturningcolumncallsahalt，hesitatesandattemptstoaccountforthechangesthathavetakenplace。Yes，itissight，butaverydullsight，whosehorizonisalteredbytheshiftingofafewbitsofgravel。Tothisshortsight，astripofpaper，abedofmint-leaves，alayerofyellowsand，astreamofwater，afurrowmadebythebroom，orevenlessermodificationsareenoughtotransformthelandscape；

andtheregiment，eagertoreachhomeasfastasitcanwithitsloot，haltsuneasilyonbeholdingthisunfamiliarscenery。Ifthedoubtfulzonesareatlengthpassed，itisduetothefactthatfreshattemptsareconstantlybeingmadetocrossthedoctoredstripsandthatatlastafewAntsrecognizewell-knownspotsbeyondthem。Theothers，relyingontheirclearer-sightedsisters，follow。

Sightwouldnotbeenough，iftheAmazonhadnotalsoatherserviceacorrectmemoryforplaces。ThememoryofanAnt！Whatcanthatbe？Inwhatdoesitresembleours？Ihavenoanswerstothesequestions；butafewwordswillenablemetoprovethattheinsecthasaveryexactandpersistentrecollectionofplaceswhichithasoncevisited。HereissomethingwhichIhaveoftenwitnessed。ItsometimeshappensthattheplunderedAnt-hillofferstheAmazonsaricherspoilthantheinvadingcolumnisabletocarryaway。Or，again，theregionvisitedisrichinAnt-hills。Anotherraidisnecessary，toexploitthesitethoroughly。Insuchcases，asecondexpeditiontakesplace，sometimesonthenextday，sometimestwoorthreedayslater。Thistime，thecolumndoesnoreconnoitringontheway：itgoesstraighttothespotknowntoaboundinnymphsandtravelsbytheidenticalpathwhichitfollowedbefore。IthassometimeshappenedthatIhavemarkedwithsmallstones，foradistanceoftwentyyards，theroadpursuedacoupleofdaysearlierandhavethenfoundtheAmazonsproceedingbythesameroute，stonebystone：

’Theywillgofirsthereandthenthere，’Isaid，accordingtothepositionoftheguide-stones。

Andtheywould，infact，gofirsthereandthenthere，skirtingmylineofpebbles，withoutanynoticeabledeviation。

Canonebelievethatodoriferousemanationsdiffusedalongtheroutearegoingtolastforseveraldays？Noonewoulddaretosuggestit。

Itmust，therefore，besightthatdirectstheAmazons，sightassistedbyamemoryforplaces。Andthismemoryistenaciousenoughtoretaintheimpressionuntilthenextdayandlater；itisscrupulouslyfaithful，foritguidesthecolumnbythesamepathasonthedaybefore，acrossthethousandirregularitiesoftheground。

HowwilltheAmazonbehavewhenthelocalityisunknowntoher？Apartfromtopographicalmemory，whichcannotserveherhere，theregioninwhichIimagineherbeingstillunexplored，doestheAntpossesstheMason-bee’ssenseofdirection，atleastwithinmodestlimits，andissheablethustoregainherAnt-hillorhermarchingcolumn？

Thedifferentpartsofthegardenarenotallvisitedbythemaraudinglegionstothesameextent：thenorthsideisexploitedbypreference，doubtlessbecausetheforaysinthatdirectionaremoreproductive。

TheAmazons，therefore，generallydirecttheirtroopsnorthoftheirbarracks；Iseldomseetheminthesouth。Thispartofthegardenis，ifnotwhollyunknown，atleastmuchlessfamiliartothemthantheother。Havingsaidthat，letusobservetheconductofthestrayedAnt。

ItakeupmypositionneartheAnt-hill；and，whenthecolumnreturnsfromtheslave-raid，IforceanAnttosteponaleafwhichIholdouttoher。Withouttouchingher，Icarryhertwoorthreepacesawayfromherregiment：nomorethanthat，butinasoutherlydirection。Itisenoughtoputherastray，tomakeherloseherbearingsentirely。I

seetheAmazon，nowreplacedontheground，wanderaboutatrandom，still，Ineedhardlysay，withherbootyinhermandibles；Iseeherhurryawayfromhercomrades，thinkingthatsheisrejoiningthem；I

seeherretracehersteps，turnasideagain，trytotheright，trytotheleftandgropeinahostofdirections，withoutsucceedinginfindingherwhereabouts。Thepugnacious，strong-jawedslave-hunterisutterlylosttwostepsawayfromherparty。Ihaveinmindcertainstrayswho，afterhalfanhour’ssearching，hadnotsucceededinrecoveringtherouteandweregoingfartherandfartherfromit，stillcarryingthenymphintheirteeth。Whatbecameofthem？Whatdidtheydowiththeirspoil？Ihadnotthepatiencetofollowthosedull-

wittedmarauderstotheend。

Letusrepeattheexperiment，butplacetheAmazontothenorth。Aftermoreorlessprolongedhesitations，afterasearchnowinthisdirection，nowinthat，theAntsucceedsinfindinghercolumn。Sheknowsthelocality。

Here，ofasurety，isaHymenopterondeprivedofthatsenseofdirectionwhichotherHymenopteraenjoy。Shehasinherfavouramemoryforplacesandnothingmore。Adeviationamountingtotwoorthreeofourstridesisenoughtomakeherloseherwayandtokeepherfromreturningtoherpeople，whereasmilesacrossunknowncountrywillnotfoiltheMason-bee。Iexpressedmysurprise，justnow，thatmanwasdeprivedofawonderfulsensewherewithcertainanimalsareendowed。Theenormousdistancebetweenthetwothingscomparedmightfurnishmatterfordiscussion。Inthepresentcase，thedistancenolongerexists：wehavetodowithtwoinsectsverynearakin，twoHymenoptera。Why，iftheyissuefromthesamemould，hasoneasensewhichtheotherhasnot，anadditionalsense，constitutingamuchmoreoverpoweringfactorthanthestructuraldetails？Iwillwaituntiltheevolutionistscondescendtogivemeavalidreason。

ToreturntothismemoryforplaceswhosetenacityandfidelityIhavejustrecognized：towhatdegreedoesitconsenttoretainimpressions？

DoestheAmazonrequirerepeatedjourneysinordertolearnhergeography，orisasingleexpeditionenoughforher？Arethelinefollowedandtheplacesvisitedengravedonhermemoryfromthefirst？

TheRedAntdoesnotlendherselftotheteststhatmightfurnishthereply：theexperimenterisunabletodecidewhetherthepathfollowedbytheexpeditionarycolumnisbeingcoveredforthefirsttime，norisitinhispowertocompelthelegiontoadoptthisorthatdifferentroad。WhentheAmazonsgoouttoplundertheAnt-hills，theytakethedirectionwhichtheyplease；andwearenotallowedtointerferewiththeirmarch。LetusturntootherHymenopteraforinformation。

IselectthePompili，whosehabitsweshallstudyindetailinalaterchapter。（FortheWaspknownasthePompilus，orRingedCalicurgus，cf。"TheLifeandLoveoftheInsect"，byJ。HenriFabre，translatedbyAlexanderTeixeiradeMattos：chapter12。——Translator’sNote。）TheyarehuntersofSpidersanddiggersofburrows。Thegame，thefoodofthecominglarva，isfirstcaughtandparalysed；thehomeisexcavatedafterwards。AstheheavypreywouldbeagraveencumbrancetotheWaspinsearchofaconvenientsite，theSpiderisplacedhighup，onatuftofgrassorbrushwood，outofthereachofmarauders，especiallyAnts，whomightdamagethepreciousmorselinthelawfulowner’sabsence。Afterfixingherbootyontheverdantpinnacle，thePompiluscastsaroundforafavourablespotanddigsherburrow。Duringtheprocessofexcavation，shereturnsfromtimetotimetoherSpider；

shenibblesattheprize，feels，touchesithereandthere，asthoughtakingstockofitsplumpnessandcongratulatingherselfontheplentifulprovender；thenshereturnstoherburrowandgoesondigging。Shouldanythingalarmordistressher，shedoesnotmerelyinspectherSpider：shealsobringsheralittleclosertoherwork-

yard，butneverfailstolayheronthetopofatuftofverdure。

ThesearethemanoeuvresofwhichIcanavailmyselftogaugetheelasticityoftheWasp’smemory。

WhilethePompilusisatworkontheburrow，Iseizethepreyandplaceitinanexposedspot，halfayardawayfromitsoriginalposition。ThePompilussoonleavestheholetoenquireafterherbootyandgoesstraighttothespotwheresheleftit。Thissurenessofdirection，thisfaithfulmemoryforplacescanbeexplainedbyrepeatedpreviousvisits。Iknownothingofwhathashappenedbeforehand。Letustakenonoticeofthisfirstexpedition；theotherswillbemoreconclusive。Forthemoment，thePompilus，withouttheleasthesitation，findsthetuftofgrasswhereonherpreywaslying。

Thencomemarchesandcounter-marchesuponthattuft，minuteexplorationsandfrequentreturnstotheexactspotwheretheSpiderwasdeposited。Atlast，convincedthattheprizeisnolongerthere，theWaspmakesaleisurelysurveyoftheneighbourhood，feelingthegroundwithherantennaeasshegoes。TheSpiderisdescriedintheexposedspotwhereIhadplacedher。SurpriseonthepartofthePompilus，whogoesforwardandthensuddenlystepsbackwithastart：

’Isitalive？’sheseemstoask。’Isitdead？IsitreallymySpider？

Letusbewary！’

Thehesitationdoesnotlastlong：thehuntressgrabshervictim，dragsherbackwardsandplacesher，stillhighup，onasecondtuftofherbage，twoorthreestepsawayfromthefirst。Shethengoesbacktotheburrowanddigsforawhile。Forthesecondtime，IremovetheSpiderandlayheratsomedistance，onthebareground。ThisisthemomenttojudgeoftheWasp’smemory。Twotuftsofgrasshaveservedastemporaryresting-placesforthegame。Thefirst，towhichshereturnedwithsuchprecision，theWaspmayhavelearnttoknowbyamoreorlessthoroughexamination，byreiteratedvisitsthatescapedmyeye；butthesecondhascertainlymadebutaslightimpressiononhermemory。Sheadopteditwithoutanystudiedchoice；shestoppedtherejustlongenoughtohoistherSpidertothetop；shesawitforthefirsttimeandsawithurriedly，inpassing。Isthatrapidglanceenoughtoprovideanexactrecollection？Besides，therearenowtwolocalitiestobemodelledintheinsect’smemory：thefirstshelfmayeasilybeconfusedwiththesecond。TowhichwillthePompilusgo？

Weshallsoonfindout：hereshecomes，leavingtheburrowtopayafreshvisittotheSpider。Sherunsstraighttothesecondtuft，whereshehuntsaboutforalongtimeforherabsentprey。Sheknowsthatitwasthere，whenlastseen，andnotelsewhere；shepersistsinlookingforitthereanddoesnotoncethinkofgoingbacktothefirstperch。

Thefirsttuftofgrassnolongercounts；thesecondaloneinterestsher。Andthenthesearchintheneighbourhoodbeginsagain。

OnfindinghergameonthebarespotwhereImyselfhaveplacedit，thePompilusquicklydepositstheSpideronathirdtuftofgrass；andtheexperimentisrenewed。Thistime，thePompilushurriestothethirdtuftwhenshecomestolookafterherSpider；shehurriestoitwithouthesitation，withoutconfusingitinanywaywiththefirsttwo，whichshescornstovisit，sosureishermemory。Idothesamethingacoupleoftimesmore；andtheinsectalwaysreturnstothelastperch，withoutworryingabouttheothers。Istandamazedatthememoryofthatpigmy。Sheneedbutcatchasinglehurriedglimpseofaspotthatdiffersinnowisefromahostofothersinordertorememberitquitewell，notwithstandingthefactthat，asaminerrelentlesslypursuingherundergroundlabours，shehasothermatterstooccupyhermind。Couldourownmemoryalwaysviewithhers？Itisverydoubtful。AllowtheRedAntthesamesortofmemory；andherperegrinations，herreturnstothenestbythesameroadarenolongerdifficulttoexplain。

Testsofthiskindhavefurnishedmewithsomeotherresultsworthyofmention。Whenconvinced，byuntiringexplorations，thatherpreyisnolongeronthetuftwhereshelaidit，thePompilus，asweweresaying，looksforitintheneighbourhoodandfindsitprettyeasily，forIamcarefultoputitinanexposedplace。Letusincreasethedifficultytosomeextent。IdigthetipofmyfingerintothegroundandlaytheSpiderinthelittleholethusobtained，coveringherwithatinyleaf。NowtheWasp，whileinquestofherlostprey，happenstowalkoverthisleaf，topassitagainandagainwithoutsuspectingthattheSpiderliesbeneath，forshegoesandcontinueshervainsearchfartheroff。Herguide，thereforeisnotscent，butsight。

Nevertheless，sheisconstantlyfeelingthegroundwithherantennae。

Whatcanbethefunctionofthoseorgans？Idonotknow，althoughI

assertthattheyarenotolfactoryorgans。TheAmmophila，insearchofherGreyWorm，hadalreadyledmetomakethesameassertion；Inowobtainanexperimentalproofwhichseemstomedecisive。IwouldaddthatthePompilushasveryshortsight：oftenshepasseswithinacoupleofinchesofherSpiderwithoutseeingher。

CHAPTER7。SOMEREFLECTIONSUPONINSECTPSYCHOLOGY。

Thelaudatortemperisactiisoutoffavourjustnow：theworldisonthemove。Yes，butsometimesitmovesbackwards。WhenIwasaboy，ourtwopennytextbookstoldusthatmanwasareasoninganimal；nowadays，therearelearnedvolumestoprovetousthathumanreasonisbutahigherrungintheladderwhosefootreachesdowntothebottommostdepthsofanimallife。Thereisthegreaterandthelesser；therearealltheintermediaryrounds；butnowheredoesitbreakoffandstartafresh。ItbeginswithzerointheglairofacellandascendsuntilwecometothemightybrainofaNewton。Thenoblefacultyofwhichweweresoproudisazoologicalattribute。Allhavealargerorsmallershareofit，fromtheliveatomtotheanthropoidape，thathideouscaricatureofman。

Italwaysstruckmethatthosewhoheldthislevellingtheorymadefactssaymorethantheyreallymeant；itstruckmethat，inordertoobtaintheirplain，theywereloweringthemountain-peak，man，andelevatingthevalley，theanimal。Nowthislevellingoftheirsneededproofs，tomymind；and，asIfoundnoneintheirbooks，oratanyrateonlydoubtfulandhighlydebatableones，Ididmyownobserving，inordertoarriveatadefiniteconviction；Isought；Iexperimented。

Tospeakwithanycertainty，itbehovesusnottogobeyondwhatwereallyknow。Iambeginningtohaveapassableacquaintancewithinsects，afterspendingsomefortyyearsintheircompany。Letusquestiontheinsect，then：notthefirstthatcomesalong，butthemostgifted，theHymenopteron。Iamgivingmyopponentseveryadvantage。Wherewilltheyfindacreaturemorerichlyendowedwithtalent？Itwouldseemasthough，increatingit，naturehaddelightedinbestowingthegreatestamountofindustryuponthesmallestbodyofmatter。Canthebird，wonderfularchitectthatitis，compareitsworkwiththatmasterpieceofhighergeometry，theedificeoftheBee？TheHymenopteronrivalsmanhimself。Webuildtowns，theBeeerectscities；wehaveservants，theAnthashers；wereardomesticanimals，sherearshersugar-yieldinginsects；weherdcattle，sheherdshermilch-cows，theAphides；wehaveabolishedslavery，whereasshecontinueshernigger-traffic。

Well，doesthissuperior，thisprivilegedbeingreason？Reader，donotsmile：thisisamostseriousmatter，wellworthyofourconsideration。Todevoteourattentiontoanimalsistoplungeatonceintothevexedquestionofwhoweareandwhencewecome。What，then，passesinthatlittleHymenopteronbrain？Hasitfacultiesakintoours，hasitthepowerofthought？Whataproblem，ifwecouldonlysolveit；whatachapterofpsychology，ifwecouldonlywriteit！

But，atourveryfirstquestionings，themysteriouswillriseup，impenetrable：wemaybeconvincedofthat。Weareincapableofknowingourselves；whatwillitbeifwetrytofathomtheintellectofothers？Letusbecontentifwesucceedingleaningafewgrainsoftruth。

Whatisreason？Philosophywouldgiveuslearneddefinitions。Letusbemodestandkeeptothesimplest：weareonlytreatingofanimals。

Reasonisthefacultythatconnectstheeffectwithitscauseanddirectstheactbyconformingittotheneedsoftheaccidental。

Withintheselimits，areanimalscapableofreasoning？Aretheyabletoconnecta’because’witha’why’andafterwardstoregulatetheirbehaviouraccordingly？Aretheyabletochangetheirlineofconductwhenfacedwithanemergency？

Historyhasbutfewdatalikelytobeofusetoushere；andthosewhichwefindscatteredinvariousauthorsareseldomabletowithstandasevereexamination。OneofthemostremarkableofwhichI

knowissuppliedbyErasmusDarwin，inhisbookentitled"Zoonomia。"

IttellsofaWaspthathasjustcaughtandkilledabigFly。Thewindisblowing；andthehuntress，hamperedinherflightbythegreatareapresentedbyherprize，alightsonthegroundtoamputatetheabdomen，theheadandthewings；shefliesaway，carryingwithheronlythethorax，whichgiveslessholdtothewind。Ifwekeeptothebaldfacts，thisdoes，Iadmit，giveasemblanceofreason。TheWaspappearstograsptherelationbetweencauseandeffect。Theeffectistheresistanceexperiencedintheflight；thecauseisthedimensionsofthepreycontendingwiththeair。Hencethelogicalconclusion：

thosedimensionsmustbelessened；theabdomen，theheadand，aboveall，thewingsmustbechoppedoff；andtheresistancewillbedecreased。（Iwouldgladly，ifIwereable，cancelsomeratherhastylineswhichIallowedmyselftopeninthefirstvolumeofthese"Souvenirs"butscriptamanent。AllthatIcandoistomakeamendsnow，inthisnote，fortheerrorintowhichIfell。RelyingonLacordaire，whoquotesthisinstancefromErasmusDarwininhisown"Introductional’entomologie"，IbelievedthataSphexwasgivenastheheroineofthestory。HowcouldIdootherwise，nothavingtheoriginaltextinfrontofme？HowcouldIsuspectthatanentomologistofLacordaire’sstandingshouldbecapableofsuchablunderastosubstituteaSphexforaCommonWasp？Greatwasmyperplexity，inthefaceofthisevidence！ASphexcapturingaFlywasanimpossibility；

andIblamedtheBritishscientistaccordingly。ButwhatinsectwasitthatErasmusDarwinsaw？Callinglogictomyaid，IdeclaredthatitwasaWasp；andIcouldnothavehitthemarkmoretruly。CharlesDarwin，infact，informedmeafterwardsthathisgrandfatherwrote’aWasp’inhis"Zoonomia。"Thoughthecorrectiondidcredittomyintelligence，Inonethelessdeeplyregrettedmymistake，forIhadutteredsuspicionsoftheobserver’spowersofdiscernment，unjustsuspicionswhichthetranslator’sinaccuracyledmeintoentertaining。

Maythisnoteservetomitigatetheharshnessofthestricturesprovokedbymyovertaxedcredulity！IdonotscrupletoattackideaswhichIconsiderfalse；butHeavenforfendthatIshouldeverattackthosewhoupholdthem！——Author’sNote。）

Butdoesthisconcatenationofideas，rudimentarythoughitbe，reallytakeplacewithintheinsect’sbrain？Iamconvincedofthecontrary；

andmyproofsareunanswerable。Inthefirstvolumeofthese"Souvenirs"（Cf。"InsectLife"：chapter9。——Translator’sNote。），I

demonstratedbyexperimentthatErasmusDarwin’sWaspwasbutobeyingherinstinct，whichistocutupthecapturedgameandtokeeponlythemostnourishingpart，thethorax。Whetherthedaybeperfectlycalmorwhetherthewindblow，whethershebeintheshelterofadensethicketorintheopen，IseetheWaspproceedtoseparatethesucculentfromthetough；Iseeherrejectthelegs，thewings，theheadandtheabdomen，retainingonlythebreastaspapforherlarvae。

Thenwhatvaluehasthisdissectionasanargumentinfavouroftheinsect’sreasoning-powerswhenthewindblows？Ithasnovalueatall，foritwouldtakeplacejustthesameinabsolutelycalmweather。

ErasmusDarwinjumpedtooquicklytohisconclusion，whichwastheoutcomeofhismentalbiasandnotofthelogicofthings。IfhehadfirstenquiredintotheWasp’shabits，hewouldnothavebroughtforwardasaseriousargumentanincidentwhichhadnoconnectionwiththeimportantquestionofanimalreason。

Ihaverevertedtothiscasetoshowthedifficultiesthatbesetthemanwhoconfineshimselftocasualobservations，howevercarefullycarriedout。Oneshouldneverrelyuponaluckychance，whichmaynotoccuragain。Wemustmultiplyourobservations，checkthemonewiththeother；wemustcreateincidents，lookingintoprecedingones，findingoutsucceedingonesandworkingouttherelationbetweenthemall：thenandnottillthen，withextremecaution，areweentitledtoexpressafewviewsworthyofcredence。NowheredoIfinddatacollectedundersuchconditions；forwhichreason，howevermuchI

mightwishit，itisimpossibleformetobringtheevidenceofothersinsupportofthefewconclusionswhichImyselfhaveformed。

MyMason-bees，withtheirnestshangingonthewallsofthearchwhichIhavementioned，lentthemselvestocontinuousexperimentbetterthananyotherHymenopteron。Ihadthemthere，atmyhouse，undermyeyes，atallhoursoftheday，aslongasIwished。Iwasfreetofollowtheiractionsinfulldetailandtocarryoutsuccessfullyanyexperiment，howeverlong。Moreover，theirnumbersallowedmetorepeatmyattemptsuntilIwasperfectlyconvinced。TheMason-bees，therefore，shallsupplymewiththematerialsforthischapteralso。

Afewwords，beforeIbegin，abouttheworks。TheMason-beeoftheShedsutilizes，firstofall，theoldgalleriesoftheclaynest，apartofwhichshegood-naturedlyabandonstotwoOsmiae，herfreetenants：theThree-hornedOsmiaandLatreille’sOsmia。Theseoldcorridors，whichsavelabour，areingreatdemand；buttherearenotmanyvacant，asthemoreprecociousOsmiaehavealreadytakenpossessionofmostofthem；andthereforethebuildingofnewcellssoonbegins。Thesecellsarecementedtothesurfaceofthenest，whichthusincreasesinthicknesseveryyear。Theedificeofcellsisnotbuiltallatonce：mortarandhoneyalternaterepeatedly。Themasonrystartswithasortoflittleswallow’snest，ahalf-cuporthimble，whosecircumferenceiscompletedbythewallagainstwhichitrests。Picturethecupofanacorncutintwoandstucktothesurfaceofthenest：thereyouhavethereceptacleinastagesufficientlyadvancedtotakeafirstinstalmentofhoney。

TheBeethereuponleavesthemortarandbusiesherselfwithharvesting。Afterafewforaging-trips，theworkofbuildingisresumed；andsomenewrowsofbricksraisetheedgeofthebasin，whichbecomescapableofreceivingalargerstockofprovisions。Thencomesanotherchangeofbusiness：themasononcemorebecomesaharvester。Alittlelater，theharvesterisagainamason；andthesealternationscontinueuntilthecellisoftheregulationheightandholdstheamountofhoneyrequiredforthelarva’sfood。Thuscome，turnandturnabout，moreorlessnumerousaccordingtotheoccupationinhand，journeystothedryandbarrenpath，wherethecementisgatheredandmixed，andjourneystotheflowers，wheretheBee’scropiscrammedwithhoneyandherbellypowderedwithpollen。

Atlastcomesthetimeforlaying。WeseetheBeearrivewithapelletofmortar。Shegivesaglanceatthecelltoenquireifeverythingisinorder；sheinsertsherabdomen；andtheeggislaid。Thenandtherethemothersealsupthehome：withherpelletofcementsheclosestheorificeandmanagessowellwiththematerialthatthelidreceivesitspermanentformatthisfirstsitting；ithasonlytobethickenedandstrengthenedwithfreshlayers，aworkwhichislessurgentandwillbedonebyandby。Whatdoesappeartobeanurgentnecessityistheclosingofthecellimmediatelyaftertheegghasbeenreligiouslydepositedtherein，sothattheremaybenodangerfromevilly-disposedvisitorsduringthemother’sabsence。TheBeemusthaveseriousreasonsforthushurryingontheclosingofthecell。Whatwouldhappenif，afterlayingheregg，sheleftthehouseopenandwenttothecement-pittofetchthewherewithaltoblockthedoor？SomethiefmightdropinandsubstituteherowneggfortheMason-bee’s。Weshallseethatoursuspicionsarenotuncalled-for。Onethingiscertain，thattheMasonneverlayswithouthavinginhermandiblesthepelletofmortarrequiredfortheimmediateconstructionofthelidofthenest。Thepreciouseggmustnotforasingleinstantremainexposedtothecupidityofmarauders。

TotheseparticularsIwilladdafewgeneralobservationswhichwillmakewhatfollowseasiertounderstand。Solongasitscircumstancesarenormal，theinsect’sactionsarecalculatedmostrationallyinviewoftheobjecttobeattained。Whatcouldbemorelogical，forinstance，thanthedevicesemployedbytheHuntingWaspwhenparalysingherprey（Cf。"InsectLife"：chapters3to12and15to17。——Translator’sNote。）sothatitmaykeepfreshforherlarva，whileinnowiseimperillingthatlarva’ssafety？Itispreeminentlyrational；weourselvescouldthinkofnothingbetter；andyettheWasp’sactionisnotpromptedbyreason。Ifshethoughtouthersurgery，shewouldbeoursuperior。Itwillneveroccurtoanybodythatthecreatureisable，inthesmallestdegree，toaccountforitsskilfulvivisections。Therefore，solongasitdoesnotdepartfromthepathmappedoutforit，theinsectcanperformthemostsagaciousactionswithoutentitlingusintheleasttoattributethesetothedictatesofreason。

Whatwouldhappeninanemergency？Herewemustdistinguishcarefullybetweentwoclassesofemergency，orweshallbeliabletogrievouserror。First，inaccidentsoccurringinthecourseoftheinsect’soccupationatthemoment。Inthesecircumstances，thecreatureiscapableofremedyingtheaccident；itcontinues，underasimilarform，itsactualtask；itremains，inshort；inthesamepsychiccondition。

Inthesecondcase，theaccidentisconnectedwithamoreremoteoccupation；itrelatestoacompletedtaskwithwhich，undernormalconditions，theinsectisnolongerconcerned。Tomeetthisemergency，thecreaturewouldhavetoretraceitspsychiccourse；itwouldhavetodoalloveragainwhatithasjustfinished，beforeturningitsattentiontoanythingelse。Istheinsectcapableofthis？Willitbeabletoleavethepresentandreturntothepast？Willitdecidetoharkbacktoataskthatismuchmorepressingthantheoneonwhichitwasengaged？Ifitdidallthis，thenweshouldreallyhaveevidenceofamodicumofreason。Thequestionshallbesettledbyexperiment。

Wewillbeginbytakingafewincidentsthatcomeunderthefirstheading。AMason-beehasfinishedtheinitiallayerofthecoveringofthecell。Shehasgoneinsearchofasecondpelletofmortarwherewithtostrengthenherwork。Inherabsence，Iprickthelidwithaneedleandwidentheholethusmade，untilitishalfthesizeoftheopening。Theinsectreturnsandrepairsthedamage。Itwasoriginallyengagedonthelidandismerelycontinuingitsworkinmendingthatlid。

Asecondisstillatherfirstrowofbricks。Thecellasyetisnomorethanashallowcup，containingnoprovisions。ImakeabigholeinthebottomofthecupandtheBeehastenstostopthebreach。Shewasbusybuildingandturnedasideamomenttodomorebuilding。Herrepairsarethecontinuationoftheworkonwhichshewasengaged。

Athirdhaslaidhereggandclosedthecell。Whilesheisgoneinsearchofafreshsupplyofcementtostrengthenthedoor，Imakealargeapertureimmediatelybelowthelid，toohighuptoallowthehoneytoescape。Theinsect，onarrivingwithitsmortarintendedforadifferenttask，seesitsbrokenjarandsoonputsthedamageright。

Ihaverarelywitnessedsuchasensibleperformance。Nevertheless，allthingsconsidered，letusnotbetoolavishofourpraises。Theinsectwasbusyclosingup。Onitsreturn，itseesacrack，representinginitseyesabadjoinwhichithadoverlooked；itcompletesitsactualtaskbyimprovingthejoin。

Theconclusiontobedrawnfromthesethreeinstances，whichIselectfromalargenumberofothers，moreorlesssimilar，isthattheinsectisabletocopewithemergencies，providedthatthenewactionbenotoutsidethecourseofitsactualworkatthemoment。Shallwesaythenthatreasondirectsit？Whyshouldwe？Theinsectpersistsinthesamepsychiccourse，itcontinuesitsaction，itdoeswhatitwasdoingbefore，itcorrectswhattoitappearsbutacarelessflawintheworkofthemoment。

Here，moreover，issomethingwhichwouldchangeourestimateentirely，ifiteveroccurredtoustolookupontheserepairedbreachesasaworkdictatedbyreason。Letusturntothesecondclassofemergencyreferredtoabove：letusimagine，first，cellssimilartothoseinthesecondexperiment，thatistosay，onlyhalf-finished，intheformofashallowcup，butalreadycontaininghoney。Imakeaholeinthebottom，throughwhichtheprovisionsoozeandruntowaste。Theirownersareharvesting。Letusimagine，ontheotherhand，cellsverynearlyfinishedandalmostcompletelyprovisioned。Iperforatethebottominthesamewayandletoutthehoney，whichdripsthroughgradually。Theownersofthesearebuilding。