第14章

Publicopinionhailedthisdoctrinewithahowlofwildapplause，andsettheprisonersfree，towalkthecity，menofmark，andinfluence，andstation，astheyhadbeenbefore。

Publicopinion!whatclassofmenhaveanimmensepreponderanceovertherestofthecommunity，intheirpowerofrepresentingpublicopinioninthelegislature？theslave-owners。TheysendfromtheirtwelveStatesonehundredmembers，whilethefourteenfreeStates，withafreepopulationnearlydouble，returnbutahundredandforty-two。Beforewhomdothepresidentialcandidatesbowdownthemosthumbly，onwhomdotheyfawnthemostfondly，andforwhosetastesdotheycaterthemostassiduouslyintheirservileprotestations？Theslave-ownersalways。

Publicopinion!hearthepublicopinionofthefreeSouth，asexpressedbyitsownmembersintheHouseofRepresentativesatWashington。\'Ihaveagreatrespectforthechair，\'quothNorthCarolina，\'Ihaveagreatrespectforthechairasanofficerofthehouse，andagreatrespectforhimpersonally；nothingbutthatrespectpreventsmefromrushingtothetableandtearingthatpetitionwhichhasjustbeenpresentedfortheabolitionofslaveryinthedistrictofColumbia，topieces。\'-\'Iwarntheabolitionists，\'saysSouthCarolina，\'ignorant，infuriatedbarbariansastheyare，thatifchanceshallthrowanyofthemintoourhands，hemayexpectafelon\'sdeath。\'-\'LetanabolitionistcomewithinthebordersofSouthCarolina，\'criesathird；mildCarolina\'scolleague；\'andifwecancatchhim，wewilltryhim，andnotwithstandingtheinterferenceofallthegovernmentsonearth，includingtheFederalgovernment，wewillHANGhim。\'

Publicopinionhasmadethislaw-IthasdeclaredthatinWashington，inthatcitywhichtakesitsnamefromthefatherofAmericanliberty，anyjusticeofthepeacemaybindwithfettersanynegropassingdownthestreetandthrusthimintojail:nooffenceontheblackman\'spartisnecessary。Thejusticesays，\'I

choosetothinkthismanarunaway:\'andlockshimup。Publicopinionimpowersthemanoflawwhenthisisdone，toadvertisethenegrointhenewspapers，warninghisownertocomeandclaimhim，orhewillbesoldtopaythejailfees。Butsupposingheisafreeblack，andhasnoowner，itmaynaturallybepresumedthatheissetatliberty。No:HEISSOLDTORECOMPENSEHISJAILER。Thishasbeendoneagain，andagain，andagain。Hehasnomeansofprovinghisfreedom；hasnoadviser，messenger，orassistanceofanysortorkind；noinvestigationintohiscaseismade，orinquiryinstituted。He，afreeman，whomayhaveservedforyears，andboughthisliberty，isthrownintojailonnoprocess，fornocrime，andonnopretenceofcrime:andissoldtopaythejailfees。Thisseemsincredible，evenofAmerica，butitisthelaw。

Publicopinionisdeferredto，insuchcasesasthefollowing:

whichisheadedinthenewspapers:-

\'INTERESTINGLAW-CASE。

\'AninterestingcaseisnowontrialintheSupremeCourt，arisingoutofthefollowingfacts。AgentlemanresidinginMarylandhadallowedanagedpairofhisslaves，substantialthoughnotlegalfreedomforseveralyears。Whilethusliving，adaughterwasborntothem，whogrewupinthesameliberty，untilshemarriedafreenegro，andwentwithhimtoresideinPennsylvania。Theyhadseveralchildren，andlivedunmolesteduntiltheoriginalownerdied，whenhisheirattemptedtoregainthem；butthemagistratebeforewhomtheywerebrought，decidedthathehadnojurisdictioninthecase。THEOWNERSEIZEDTHEWOMANANDHERCHILDRENITSTHE

NIGHT，ANDCARRIEDTHEMTOMARYLAND。\'

\'Cashfornegroes，\'\'cashfornegroes，\'\'cashfornegroes，\'istheheadingofadvertisementsingreatcapitalsdownthelongcolumnsofthecrowdedjournals。Woodcutsofarunawaynegrowithmanacledhands，crouchingbeneathabluffpursuerintopboots，who，havingcaughthim，graspshimbythethroat，agreeablydiversifythepleasanttext。Theleadingarticleprotestsagainst\'thatabominableandhellishdoctrineofabolition，whichisrepugnantaliketoeverylawofGodandnature。\'Thedelicatemamma，whosmilesheracquiescenceinthissprightlywritingasshereadsthepaperinhercoolpiazza，quietsheryoungestchildwhoclingsaboutherskirts，bypromisingtheboy\'awhiptobeatthelittleniggerswith。\'-Butthenegroes，littleandbig，areprotectedbypublicopinion。

Letustrythispublicopinionbyanothertest，whichisimportantinthreepointsofview:first，asshowinghowdesperatelytimidofthepublicopinionslave-ownersare，intheirdelicatedescriptionsoffugitiveslavesinwidelycirculatednewspapers；

secondly，asshowinghowperfectlycontentedtheslavesare，andhowveryseldomtheyrunaway；thirdly，asexhibitingtheirentirefreedomfromscar，orblemish，oranymarkofcruelinfliction，astheirpicturesaredrawn，notbylyingabolitionists，butbytheirowntruthfulmasters。

Thefollowingareafewspecimensoftheadvertisementsinthepublicpapers。Itisonlyfouryearssincetheoldestamongthemappeared；andothersofthesamenaturecontinuetobepublishedeveryday，inshoals。

\'Ranaway，NegressCaroline。Hadonacollarwithoneprongturneddown。\'

\'Ranaway，ablackwoman，Betsy。Hadanironbaronherrightleg。\'

\'Ranaway，thenegroManuel。Muchmarkedwithirons。\'

\'Ranaway，thenegressFanny。Hadonanironbandaboutherneck。\'

\'Ranaway，anegroboyabouttwelveyearsold。Hadroundhisneckachaindog-collarwith"DeLampert"engravedonit。\'

\'Ranaway，thenegroHown。Hasaringofirononhisleftfoot。

Also，Grise，HISWIFE，havingaringandchainontheleftleg。\'

\'Ranaway，anegroboynamedJames。Saidboywasironedwhenheleftme。\'

\'Committedtojail，amanwhocallshisnameJohn。Hehasaclogofirononhisrightfootwhichwillweighfourorfivepounds。\'

\'Detainedatthepolicejail，thenegrowench，Myra。HasseveralmarksofLASHING，andhasironsonherfeet。\'

\'Ranaway，anegrowomanandtwochildren。Afewdaysbeforeshewentoff，Iburntherwithahotiron，ontheleftsideofherface。ItriedtomaketheletterM。\'

\'Ranaway，anegromannamedHenry；hislefteyeout，somescarsfromadirkonandunderhisleftarm，andmuchscarredwiththewhip。\'

\'Onehundreddollarsreward，foranegrofellow，Pompey，40yearsold。Heisbrandedontheleftjaw。\'

\'Committedtojail，anegroman。Hasnotoesontheleftfoot。\'

\'Ranaway，anegrowomannamedRachel。Haslostallhertoesexceptthelargeone。\'

\'Ranaway，Sam。Hewasshotashorttimesincethroughthehand，andhasseveralshotsinhisleftarmandside。\'

\'Ranaway，mynegromanDennis。Saidnegrohasbeenshotintheleftarmbetweentheshoulderandelbow，whichhasparalysedthelefthand。\'

\'Ranaway，mynegromannamedSimon。Hehasbeenshotbadly，inhisbackandrightarm。\'

\'Ranaway，anegronamedArthur。Hasaconsiderablescaracrosshisbreastandeacharm，madebyaknife；lovestotalkmuchofthegoodnessofGod。\'

\'Twenty-fivedollarsrewardformymanIsaac。Hehasascaronhisforehead，causedbyablow；andoneonhisback，madebyashotfromapistol。\'

\'Ranaway，anegrogirlcalledMary。Hasasmallscaroverhereye，agoodmanyteethmissing，theletterAisbrandedonhercheekandforehead。\'

\'Ranaway，negroBen。Hasascaronhisrighthand；histhumbandforefingerbeinginjuredbybeingshotlastfall。Apartofthebonecameout。Hehasalsooneortwolargescarsonhisbackandhips。\'

\'Detainedatthejail，amulatto，namedTom。Hasascarontherightcheek，andappearstohavebeenburnedwithpowderontheface。\'

\'Ranaway，anegromannamedNed。Threeofhisfingersaredrawnintothepalmofhishandbyacut。Hasascaronthebackofhisneck，nearlyhalfround，donebyaknife。\'

\'Wascommittedtojail，anegroman。SayshisnameisJosiah。Hisbackverymuchscarredbythewhip；andbrandedonthethighandhipsinthreeorfourplaces，thus(JM)。Therimofhisrightearhasbeenbitorcutoff。\'

\'Fiftydollarsreward，formyfellowEdward。Hehasascaronthecornerofhismouth，twocutsonandunderhisarm，andtheletterEonhisarm。\'

\'Ranaway，negroboyEllie。Hasascarononeofhisarmsfromthebiteofadog。\'

\'Ranaway，fromtheplantationofJamesSurgette，thefollowingnegroes:Randal，hasoneearcropped；Bob，haslostoneeye；

KentuckyTom，hasonejawbroken。\'

\'Ranaway，Anthony。Oneofhisearscutoff，andhislefthandcutwithanaxe。\'

\'FiftydollarsrewardforthenegroJimBlake。Hasapiececutoutofeachear，andthemiddlefingerofthelefthandcutofftothesecondjoint。\'

\'Ranaway，anegrowomannamedMaria。Hasascarononesideofhercheek，byacut。Somescarsonherback。\'

\'Ranaway，theMulattowenchMary。Hasacutontheleftarm，ascarontheleftshoulder，andtwoupperteethmissing。\'

Ishouldsay，perhaps，inexplanationofthislatterpieceofdescription，thatamongtheotherblessingswhichpublicopinionsecurestothenegroes，isthecommonpracticeofviolentlypunchingouttheirteeth。Tomakethemwearironcollarsbydayandnight，andtoworrythemwithdogs，arepracticesalmosttooordinarytodeservemention。

\'Ranaway，mymanFountain。Hasholesinhisears，ascarontherightsideofhisforehead，hasbeenshotinthehindpartofhislegs，andismarkedonthebackwiththewhip。\'

\'TwohundredandfiftydollarsrewardformynegromanJim。Heismuchmarkedwithshotinhisrightthigh。Theshotenteredontheoutside，halfwaybetweenthehipandkneejoints。\'

\'Broughttojail，John。Leftearcropt。\'

\'Takenup，anegroman。Isverymuchscarredaboutthefaceandbody，andhastheleftearbitoff。\'

\'Ranaway，ablackgirl，namedMary。Hasascaronhercheek，andtheendofoneofhertoescutoff。\'

\'Ranaway，myMulattowoman，Judy。Shehashadherrightarmbroke。\'

\'Ranaway，mynegroman，Levi。Hislefthandhasbeenburnt，andI

thinktheendofhisforefingerisoff。\'

\'Ranaway，anegroman，NAMEDWASHINGTON。Haslostapartofhismiddlefinger，andtheendofhislittlefinger。\'

\'Twenty-fivedollarsrewardformymanJohn。Thetipofhisnoseisbitoff。\'

\'Twenty-fivedollarsrewardforthenegroslave，Sally。WalksAS

THOUGHcrippledintheback。\'

\'Ranaway，JoeDennis。Hasasmallnotchinoneofhisears。\'

\'Ranaway，negroboy，Jack。Hasasmallcropoutofhisleftear。\'

\'Ranaway，anegroman，namedIvory。Hasasmallpiececutoutofthetopofeachear。\'

Whileuponthesubjectofears，ImayobservethatadistinguishedabolitionistinNewYorkoncereceivedanegro\'sear，whichhadbeencutoffclosetothehead，inageneralpostletter。Itwasforwardedbythefreeandindependentgentlemanwhohadcausedittobeamputated，withapoliterequestthathewouldplacethespecimeninhis\'collection。\'

Icouldenlargethiscataloguewithbrokenarms，andbrokenlegs，andgashedflesh，andmissingteeth，andlaceratedbacks，andbitesofdogs，andbrandsofred-hotironsinnumerable:butasmyreaderswillbesufficientlysickenedandrepelledalready，Iwillturntoanotherbranchofthesubject。

Theseadvertisements，ofwhichasimilarcollectionmightbemadeforeveryyear，andmonth，andweek，andday；andwhicharecoollyreadinfamiliesasthingsofcourse，andasapartofthecurrentnewsandsmall-talk；willservetoshowhowverymuchtheslavesprofitbypublicopinion，andhowtenderitisintheirbehalf。

Butitmaybeworthwhiletoinquirehowtheslave-owners，andtheclassofsocietytowhichgreatnumbersofthembelong，defertopublicopinionintheirconduct，nottotheirslavesbuttoeachother；howtheyareaccustomedtorestraintheirpassions；whattheirbearingisamongthemselves；whethertheyarefierceorgentle；whethertheirsocialcustomsbebrutal，sanguinary，andviolent，orbeartheimpressofcivilisationandrefinement。

Thatwemayhavenopartialevidencefromabolitionistsinthisinquiry，either，Iwilloncemoreturntotheirownnewspapers，andIwillconfinemyself，thistime，toaselectionfromparagraphswhichappearedfromdaytoday，duringmyvisittoAmerica，andwhichrefertooccurrenceshappeningwhileIwasthere。Theitalicsintheseextracts，asintheforegoing，aremyown。

ThesecasesdidnotALLoccur，itwillbeseen，interritoryactuallybelongingtolegalisedSlaveStates，thoughmost，andthosetheveryworstamongthemdid，astheircounterpartsconstantlydo；butthepositionofthescenesofactioninreferencetoplacesimmediatelyathand，whereslaveryisthelaw；

andthestrongresemblancebetweenthatclassofoutragesandtherest；leadtothejustpresumptionthatthecharacterofthepartiesconcernedwasformedinslavedistricts，andbrutalisedbyslavecustoms。

\'HORRIBLETRAGEDY。

\'ByaslipfromTHESOUTHPORTTELEGRAPH，Wisconsin，welearnthattheHon。CharlesC。P。Arndt，MemberoftheCouncilforBrowncounty，wasshotdeadONTHEFLOOROFTHECOUNCILCHAMBER，byJamesR。Vinyard，MemberfromGrantcounty。THEAFFAIRgrewoutofanominationforSheriffofGrantcounty。Mr。E。S。BakerwasnominatedandsupportedbyMr。Arndt。ThisnominationwasopposedbyVinyard，whowantedtheappointmenttovestinhisownbrother。

Inthecourseofdebate，thedeceasedmadesomestatementswhichVinyardpronouncedfalse，andmadeuseofviolentandinsultinglanguage，dealinglargelyinpersonalities，towhichMr。A。madenoreply。Aftertheadjournment，Mr。A。steppeduptoVinyard，andrequestedhimtoretract，whichherefusedtodo，repeatingtheoffensivewords。Mr。ArndtthenmadeablowatVinyard，whosteppedbackapace，drewapistol，andshothimdead。

\'TheissueappearstohavebeenprovokedonthepartofVinyard，whowasdeterminedatallhazardstodefeattheappointmentofBaker，andwho，himselfdefeated，turnedhisireandrevengeupontheunfortunateArndt。\'

\'THEWISCONSINTRAGEDY。

PublicindignationrunshighintheterritoryofWisconsin，inrelationtothemurderofC。C。P。Arndt，intheLegislativeHalloftheTerritory。MeetingshavebeenheldindifferentcountiesofWisconsin，denouncingTHEPRACTICEOFSECRETLYBEARINGARMSINTHE

LEGISLATIVECHAMBERSOFTHECOUNTRY。WehaveseentheaccountoftheexpulsionofJamesR。Vinyard，theperpetratorofthebloodydeed，andareamazedtohear，that，afterthisexpulsionbythosewhosawVinyardkillMr。Arndtinthepresenceofhisagedfather，whowasonavisittoseehisson，littledreamingthathewastowitnesshismurder，JUDGEDUNNHASDISCHARGEDVINYARDONBAIL。TheMiners\'FreePressspeaksINTERMSOFMERITEDREBUKEattheoutrageuponthefeelingsofthepeopleofWisconsin。Vinyardwaswithinarm\'slengthofMr。Arndt，whenhetooksuchdeadlyaimathim，thatheneverspoke。Vinyardmightatpleasure，beingsonear，haveonlywoundedhim，buthechosetokillhim。\'

\'MURDER。

ByaletterinaSt。Louispaperofthe\'4th，wenoticeaterribleoutrageatBurlington，Iowa。AMr。Bridgmanhavinghadadifficultywithacitizenoftheplace，Mr。Ross；abrother-in-lawofthelatterprovidedhimselfwithoneofColt\'srevolvingpistols，metMr。B。inthestreet，ANDDISCHARGEDTHECONTENTSOF

FIVEOFTHEBARRELSATHIM:EACHSHOTTAKINGEFFECT。Mr。B。，thoughhorriblywounded，anddying，returnedthefire，andkilledRossonthespot。\'

\'TERRIBLEDEATHOFROBERTPOTTER。

\'Fromthe"CaddoGazette，"ofthe12thinst。，welearnthefrightfuldeathofColonelRobertPotter……Hewasbesetinhishousebyanenemy，namedRose。Hesprangfromhiscouch，seizedhisgun，and，inhisnight-clothes，rushedfromthehouse。Forabouttwohundredyardshisspeedseemedtodefyhispursuers；but，gettingentangledinathicket，hewascaptured。RosetoldhimTHATHEINTENDEDTOACTAGENEROUSPART，andgivehimachanceforhislife。HethentoldPotterhemightrun，andheshouldnotbeinterruptedtillhereachedacertaindistance。Potterstartedatthewordofcommand，andbeforeagunwasfiredhehadreachedthelake。Hisfirstimpulsewastojumpinthewateranddiveforit，whichhedid。Rosewasclosebehindhim，andformedhismenonthebankreadytoshoothimasherose。Inafewsecondshecameuptobreathe；andscarcehadhisheadreachedthesurfaceofthewaterwhenitwascompletelyriddledwiththeshotoftheirguns，andhesunk，torisenomore!\'

\'MURDERINARKANSAS。

\'WeunderstandTHATASEVERERENCONTRECAMEOFFafewdayssinceintheSenecaNation，betweenMr。Loose，thesub-agentofthemixedbandoftheSenecas，Quapaw，andShawnees，andMr。JamesGillespie，ofthemercantilefirmofThomasG。AllisonandCo。，ofMaysville，Benton，CountyArk，inwhichthelatterwasslainwithabowie-

knife。Somedifficultyhadforsometimeexistedbetweentheparties。ItissaidthatMajorGillespiebroughtontheattackwithacane。Asevereconflictensued，duringwhichtwopistolswerefiredbyGillespieandonebyLoose。LoosethenstabbedGillespiewithoneofthosenever-failingweapons，abowie-knife。

ThedeathofMajorG。ismuchregretted，ashewasaliberal-mindedandenergeticman。Sincetheabovewasintype，wehavelearnedthatMajorAllisonhasstatedtosomeofourcitizensintownthatMr。Loosegavethefirstblow。Weforbeartogiveanyparticulars，asTHEMATTERWILLBETHESUBJECTOFJUDICIALINVESTIGATION。\'

\'FOULDEED。

ThesteamerThames，justfromMissouririver，broughtusahandbill，offeringarewardof500dollars，forthepersonwhoassassinatedLilburnW。Baggs，lateGovernorofthisState，atIndependence，onthenightofthe6thinst。GovernorBaggs，itisstatedinawrittenmemorandum，wasnotdead，butmortallywounded。

\'Sincetheabovewaswritten，wereceivedanotefromtheclerkoftheThames，givingthefollowingparticulars。Gov。BaggswasshotbysomevillainonFriday，6thinst。，intheevening，whilesittinginaroominhisownhouseinIndependence。Hisson，aboy，hearingareport，ranintotheroom，andfoundtheGovernorsittinginhischair，withhisjawfallendown，andhisheadleaningback；

ondiscoveringtheinjurydonetohisfather，hegavethealarm。

Foottrackswerefoundinthegardenbelowthewindow，andapistolpickedupsupposedtohavebeenoverloaded，andthrownfromthehandofthescoundrelwhofiredit。Threebuckshotsofaheavyload，tookeffect；onegoingthroughhismouth，oneintothebrain，andanotherprobablyinornearthebrain；allgoingintothebackpartoftheneckandhead。TheGovernorwasstillaliveonthemorningofthe7th；butnohopesforhisrecoverybyhisfriends，andbutslighthopesfromhisphysicians。

\'Amanwassuspected，andtheSheriffmostprobablyhaspossessionofhimbythistime。

\'ThepistolwasoneofapairstolensomedayspreviousfromabakerinIndependence，andthelegalauthoritieshavethedescriptionoftheother。\'

\'RENCONTRE。

\'AnunfortunateAFFAIRtookplaceonFridayeveninginChatresStreet，inwhichoneofourmostrespectablecitizensreceivedadangerouswound，fromapoignard，intheabdomen。FromtheBee(NewOrleans)ofyesterday，welearnthefollowingparticulars。ItappearsthatanarticlewaspublishedintheFrenchsideofthepaperonMondaylast，containingsomestricturesontheArtilleryBattalionforfiringtheirgunsonSundaymorning，inanswertothosefromtheOntarioandWoodbury，andtherebymuchalarmwascausedtothefamiliesofthosepersonswhowereoutallnightpreservingthepeaceofthecity。MajorC。Gally，Commanderofthebattalion，resentingthis，calledattheofficeanddemandedtheauthor\'sname；thatofMr。P。Arpinwasgiventohim，whowasabsentatthetime。Someangrywordsthenpassedwithoneoftheproprietors，andachallengefollowed；thefriendsofbothpartiestriedtoarrangetheaffair，butfailedtodoso。OnFridayevening，aboutseveno\'clock，MajorGallymetMr。P。ArpininChatresStreet，andaccostedhim。"AreyouMr。Arpin？"

\'"Yes，sir。"

\'"ThenIhavetotellyouthatyouarea-"(applyinganappropriateepithet)。

\'"Ishallremindyouofyourwords，sir。"

\'"ButIhavesaidIwouldbreakmycaneonyourshoulders。"

\'"Iknowit，butIhavenotyetreceivedtheblow。"

\'Atthesewords，MajorGally，havingacaneinhishands，struckMr。Arpinacrosstheface，andthelatterdrewapoignardfromhispocketandstabbedMajorGallyintheabdomen。

\'Fearsareentertainedthatthewoundwillbemortal。WE

UNDERSTANDTHATMR。ARPINHASGIVENSECURITYFORHISAPPEARANCEAT

THECRIMINALCOURTTOANSWERTHECHARGE。\'

\'AFFRAYINMISSISSIPPI。

\'Onthe27thult。，inanaffraynearCarthage，Leakecounty，Mississippi，betweenJamesCottinghamandJohnWilburn，thelatterwasshotbytheformer，andsohorriblywounded，thattherewasnohopeofhisrecovery。Onthe2ndinstant，therewasanaffrayatCarthagebetweenA。C。SharkeyandGeorgeGoff，inwhichthelatterwasshot，andthoughtmortallywounded。Sharkeydeliveredhimselfuptotheauthorities，BUTCHANGEDHISMINDANDESCAPED!\'

\'PERSONALENCOUNTER。

\'AnencountertookplaceinSparta，afewdayssince，betweenthebarkeeperofanhotel，andamannamedBury。ItappearsthatBuryhadbecomesomewhatnoisy，ANDTHATTHEBARKEEPER，DETERMINEDTO

PRESERVEORDER，HADTHREATENEDTOSHOOTBURY，whereuponBurydrewapistolandshotthebarkeeperdown。Hewasnotdeadatthelastaccounts，butslighthopeswereentertainedofhisrecovery。\'

\'DUEL。

\'TheclerkofthesteamboatTRIBUNEinformsusthatanotherduelwasfoughtonTuesdaylast，byMr。Robbins，abankofficerinVicksburg，andMr。Fall，theeditoroftheVicksburgSentinel。

Accordingtothearrangement，thepartieshadsixpistolseach，which，aftertheword"Fire!"THEYWERETODISCHARGEASFASTAS

THEYPLEASED。Fallfiredtwopistolswithouteffect。Mr。Robbins\'

firstshottookeffectinFall\'sthigh，whofell，andwasunabletocontinuethecombat。\'

\'AFFRAYINCLARKECOUNTY。

\'AnUNFORTUNATEAFFRAYoccurredinClarkecounty(MO。)，nearWaterloo，onTuesdaythe19thult。，whichoriginatedinsettlingthepartnershipconcernsofMessrs。M\'KaneandM\'Allister，whohadbeenengagedinthebusinessofdistilling，andresultedinthedeathofthelatter，whowasshotdownbyMr。M\'Kane，becauseofhisattemptingtotakepossessionofsevenbarrelsofwhiskey，thepropertyofM\'Kane，whichhadbeenknockedofftoM\'Allisteratasheriff\'ssaleatonedollarperbarrel。M\'KaneimmediatelyfledANDATTHELATESTDATESHADNOTBEENTAKEN。

\'THISUNFORTUNATEAFFRAYcausedconsiderableexcitementintheneighbourhood，asboththepartiesweremenwithlargefamiliesdependinguponthemandstoodwellinthecommunity。\'

Iwillquotebutonemoreparagraph，which，byreasonofitsmonstrousabsurdity，maybearelieftotheseatrociousdeeds。

\'AFFAIROFHONOUR。

\'WehavejustheardtheparticularsofameetingwhichtookplaceonSixMileIsland，onTuesday，betweentwoyoungbloodsofourcity:SamuelThurston，AGEDFIFTEEN，andWilliamHine，AGED

THIRTEENyears。Theywereattendedbyyounggentlemenofthesameage。Theweaponsusedontheoccasion，wereacoupleofDickson\'sbestrifles；thedistance，thirtyyards。Theytookonefire，withoutanydamagebeingsustainedbyeitherparty，excepttheballofThurston\'sgunpassingthroughthecrownofHine\'shat。THROUGH

THEINTERCESSIONOFTHEBOARDOFHONOUR，thechallengewaswithdrawn，andthedifferenceamicablyadjusted。\'

IfthereaderwillpicturetohimselfthekindofBoardofHonourwhichamicablyadjustedthedifferencebetweenthesetwolittleboys，whoinanyotherpartoftheworldwouldhavebeenamicablyadjustedontwoporters\'backsandsoundlyfloggedwithbirchenrods，hewillbepossessed，nodoubt，withasstrongasenseofitsludicrouscharacter，asthatwhichsetsmelaughingwheneveritsimagerisesupbeforeme。

Now，Iappealtoeveryhumanmind，imbuedwiththecommonestofcommonsense，andthecommonestofcommonhumanity；toalldispassionate，reasoningcreatures，ofanyshadeofopinion；andask，withtheserevoltingevidencesofthestateofsocietywhichexistsinandabouttheslavedistrictsofAmericabeforethem，cantheyhaveadoubtoftherealconditionoftheslave，orcantheyforamomentmakeacompromisebetweentheinstitutionoranyofitsflagrant，fearfulfeatures，andtheirownjustconsciences？

Willtheysayofanytaleofcrueltyandhorror，howeveraggravatedindegree，thatitisimprobable，whentheycanturntothepublicprints，and，running，readsuchsignsasthese，laidbeforethembythemenwhoruletheslaves:intheirownactsandundertheirownhands？

Dowenotknowthattheworstdeformityanduglinessofslaveryareatoncethecauseandtheeffectoftherecklesslicensetakenbythesefreebornoutlaws？Dowenotknowthatthemanwhohasbeenbornandbredamongitswrongs；whohasseeninhischildhoodhusbandsobligedatthewordofcommandtoflogtheirwives；women，indecentlycompelledtoholduptheirowngarmentsthatmenmightlaytheheavierstripesupontheirlegs，drivenandharriedbybrutaloverseersintheirtimeoftravail，andbecomingmothersonthefieldoftoil，undertheverylashitself；whohasreadinyouth，andseenhisvirginsistersread，descriptionsofrunawaymenandwomen，andtheirdisfiguredpersons，whichcouldnotbepublishedelsewhere，ofsomuchstockuponafarm，oratashowofbeasts:-dowenotknowthatthatman，wheneverhiswrathiskindledup，willbeabrutalsavage？Dowenotknowthatasheisacowardinhisdomesticlife，stalkingamonghisshrinkingmenandwomenslavesarmedwithhisheavywhip，sohewillbeacowardoutofdoors，andcarryingcowards\'weaponshiddeninhisbreast，willshootmendownandstabthemwhenhequarrels？Andifourreasondidnotteachusthisandmuchbeyond；ifweweresuchidiotsastocloseoureyestothatfinemodeoftrainingwhichrearsupsuchmen；shouldwenotknowthattheywhoamongtheirequalsstabandpistolinthelegislativehalls，andinthecounting-house，andonthemarketplace，andinalltheelsewherepeacefulpursuitsoflife，mustbetotheirdependants，eventhoughtheywerefreeservants，somanymercilessandunrelentingtyrants？

What!shallwedeclaimagainsttheignorantpeasantryofIreland，andmincethematterwhentheseAmericantaskmastersareinquestion？Shallwecryshameonthebrutalityofthosewhohamstringcattle:andsparethelightsofFreedomuponearthwhonotchtheearsofmenandwomen，cutpleasantposiesintheshrinkingflesh，learntowritewithpensofred-hotirononthehumanface，racktheirpoeticfanciesforliveriesofmutilationwhichtheirslavesshallwearforlifeandcarrytothegrave，breakinglivinglimbsasdidthesoldierywhomockedandslewtheSaviouroftheworld，andsetdefencelesscreaturesupfortargets!

ShallwewhimperoverlegendsofthetorturespractisedoneachotherbythePaganIndians，andsmileuponthecrueltiesofChristianmen!Shallwe，solongasthesethingslast，exultabovethescatteredremnantsofthatrace，andtriumphinthewhiteenjoymentoftheirpossessions？Rather，forme，restoretheforestandtheIndianvillage；inlieuofstarsandstripes，letsomepoorfeatherflutterinthebreeze；replacethestreetsandsquaresbywigwams；andthoughthedeath-songofahundredhaughtywarriorsfilltheair，itwillbemusictotheshriekofoneunhappyslave。

Ononetheme，whichiscommonlybeforeoureyes，andinrespectofwhichournationalcharacterischangingfast，lettheplainTruthbespoken，andletusnot，likedastards，beataboutthebushbyhintingattheSpaniardandthefierceItalian。WhenknivesaredrawnbyEnglishmeninconflictletitbesaidandknown:\'WeowethischangetoRepublicanSlavery。ThesearetheweaponsofFreedom。Withsharppointsandedgessuchasthese，LibertyinAmericahewsandhacksherslaves；or，failingthatpursuit，hersonsdevotethemtoabetteruse，andturnthemoneachother。\'

CHAPTERXVIII-CONCLUDINGREMARKS

THEREaremanypassagesinthisbook，whereIhavebeenatsomepainstoresistthetemptationoftroublingmyreaderswithmyowndeductionsandconclusions:preferringthattheyshouldjudgeforthemselves，fromsuchpremisesasIhavelaidbeforethem。Myonlyobjectintheoutset，was，tocarrythemwithmefaithfullywheresoeverIwent:andthattaskIhavedischarged。

ButImaybepardoned，ifonsuchathemeasthegeneralcharacteroftheAmericanpeople，andthegeneralcharacteroftheirsocialsystem，aspresentedtoastranger\'seyes，Idesiretoexpressmyownopinionsinafewwords，beforeIbringthesevolumestoaclose。

Theyare，bynature，frank，brave，cordial，hospitable，andaffectionate。Cultivationandrefinementseembuttoenhancetheirwarmthofheartandardententhusiasm；anditisthepossessionoftheselatterqualitiesinamostremarkabledegree，whichrendersaneducatedAmericanoneofthemostendearingandmostgenerousoffriends。Ineverwassowonupon，asbythisclass；neveryieldedupmyfullconfidenceandesteemsoreadilyandpleasurably，astothem；nevercanmakeagain，inhalfayear，somanyfriendsforwhomIseemtoentertaintheregardofhalfalife。

Thesequalitiesarenatural，Iimplicitlybelieve，tothewholepeople。Thattheyare，however，sadlysappedandblightedintheirgrowthamongthemass；andthatthereareinfluencesatworkwhichendangerthemstillmore，andgivebutlittlepresentpromiseoftheirhealthyrestoration；isatruththatoughttobetold。

Itisanessentialpartofeverynationalcharactertopiqueitselfmightilyuponitsfaults，andtodeducetokensofitsvirtueoritswisdomfromtheirveryexaggeration。OnegreatblemishinthepopularmindofAmerica，andtheprolificparentofaninnumerablebroodofevils，isUniversalDistrust。YettheAmericancitizenplumeshimselfuponthisspirit，evenwhenheissufficientlydispassionatetoperceivetheruinitworks；andwilloftenadduceit，inspiteofhisownreason，asaninstanceofthegreatsagacityandacutenessofthepeople，andtheirsuperiorshrewdnessandindependence。

\'Youcarry，\'saysthestranger，\'thisjealousyanddistrustintoeverytransactionofpubliclife。Byrepellingworthymenfromyourlegislativeassemblies，ithasbredupaclassofcandidatesforthesuffrage，who，intheirveryact，disgraceyourInstitutionsandyourpeople\'schoice。Ithasrenderedyousofickle，andsogiventochange，thatyourinconstancyhaspassedintoaproverb；foryounosoonersetupanidolfirmly，thanyouaresuretopullitdownanddashitintofragments:andthis，becausedirectlyyourewardabenefactor，orapublicservant，youdistrusthim，merelybecauseheisrewarded；andimmediatelyapplyyourselvestofindout，eitherthatyouhavebeentoobountifulinyouracknowledgments，orheremissinhisdeserts。Anymanwhoattainsahighplaceamongyou，fromthePresidentdownwards，maydatehisdownfallfromthatmoment；foranyprintedliethatanynotoriousvillainpens，althoughitmilitatedirectlyagainstthecharacterandconductofalife，appealsatoncetoyourdistrust，andisbelieved。Youwillstrainatagnatinthewayoftrustfulnessandconfidence，howeverfairlywonandwelldeserved；

butyouwillswallowawholecaravanofcamels，iftheybeladenwithunworthydoubtsandmeansuspicions。Isthiswell，thinkyou，orlikelytoelevatethecharacterofthegovernorsorthegoverned，amongyou？\'

Theanswerisinvariablythesame:\'There\'sfreedomofopinionhere，youknow。Everymanthinksforhimself，andwearenottobeeasilyoverreached。That\'showourpeoplecometobesuspicious。\'

Anotherprominentfeatureistheloveof\'smart\'dealing:whichgildsovermanyaswindleandgrossbreachoftrust；manyadefalcation，publicandprivate；andenablesmanyaknavetoholdhisheadupwiththebest，whowelldeservesahalter；thoughithasnotbeenwithoutitsretributiveoperation，forthissmartnesshasdonemoreinafewyearstoimpairthepubliccredit，andtocripplethepublicresources，thandullhonesty，howeverrash，couldhaveeffectedinacentury。Themeritsofabrokenspeculation，orabankruptcy，orofasuccessfulscoundrel，arenotgaugedbyitsorhisobservanceofthegoldenrule，\'Doasyouwouldbedoneby，\'butareconsideredwithreferencetotheirsmartness。Irecollect，onbothoccasionsofourpassingthatill-

fatedCairoontheMississippi，remarkingonthebadeffectssuchgrossdeceitsmusthavewhentheyexploded，ingeneratingawantofconfidenceabroad，anddiscouragingforeigninvestment:butIwasgiventounderstandthatthiswasaverysmartschemebywhichadealofmoneyhadbeenmade:andthatitssmartestfeaturewas，thattheyforgotthesethingsabroad，inaveryshorttime，andspeculatedagain，asfreelyasever。ThefollowingdialogueIhaveheldahundredtimes:\'IsitnotaverydisgracefulcircumstancethatsuchamanasSo-and-soshouldbeacquiringalargepropertybythemostinfamousandodiousmeans，andnotwithstandingallthecrimesofwhichhehasbeenguilty，shouldbetoleratedandabettedbyyourCitizens？Heisapublicnuisance，ishenot？\'\'Yes，sir。\'\'Aconvictedliar？\'\'Yes，sir。\'\'Hehasbeenkicked，andcuffed，andcaned？\'\'Yes，sir。\'\'Andheisutterlydishonourable，debased，andprofligate？\'\'Yes，sir。\'\'Inthenameofwonder，then，whatishismerit？\'\'Well，sir，heisasmartman。\'

Inlikemanner，allkindsofdeficientandimpoliticusagesarereferredtothenationalloveoftrade；though，oddlyenough，itwouldbeaweightychargeagainstaforeignerthatheregardedtheAmericansasatradingpeople。Theloveoftradeisassignedasareasonforthatcomfortlesscustom，soveryprevalentincountrytowns，ofmarriedpersonslivinginhotels，havingnofiresideoftheirown，andseldommeetingfromearlymorninguntillateatnight，butatthehastypublicmeals。TheloveoftradeisareasonwhytheliteratureofAmericaistoremainforeverunprotected\'Forweareatradingpeople，anddon\'tcareforpoetry:\'thoughweDO，bytheway，professtobeveryproudofourpoets:whilehealthfulamusements，cheerfulmeansofrecreation，andwholesomefancies，mustfadebeforethesternutilitarianjoysoftrade。

Thesethreecharacteristicsarestronglypresentedateveryturn，fullinthestranger\'sview。But，thefoulgrowthofAmericahasamoretangledrootthanthis；anditstrikesitsfibres，deepinitslicentiousPress。

Schoolsmaybeerected，East，West，North，andSouth；pupilsbetaught，andmastersreared，byscoresuponscoresofthousands；

collegesmaythrive，churchesmaybecrammed，temperancemaybediffused，andadvancingknowledgeinallotherformswalkthroughthelandwithgiantstrides:butwhilethenewspaperpressofAmericaisin，ornear，itspresentabjectstate，highmoralimprovementinthatcountryishopeless。Yearbyyear，itmustandwillgoback；yearbyyear，thetoneofpublicfeelingmustsinklowerdown；yearbyyear，theCongressandtheSenatemustbecomeoflessaccountbeforealldecentmen；andyearbyyear，thememoryoftheGreatFathersoftheRevolutionmustbeoutragedmoreandmore，inthebadlifeoftheirdegeneratechild。

AmongtheherdofjournalswhicharepublishedintheStates，therearesome，thereaderscarcelyneedbetold，ofcharacterandcredit。Frompersonalintercoursewithaccomplishedgentlemenconnectedwithpublicationsofthisclass，Ihavederivedbothpleasureandprofit。ButthenameoftheseisFew，andoftheothersLegion；andtheinfluenceofthegood，ispowerlesstocounteractthemoralpoisonofthebad。

AmongthegentryofAmerica；amongthewell-informedandmoderate:

inthelearnedprofessions；atthebarandonthebench:thereis，astherecanbe，butoneopinion，inreferencetotheviciouscharacteroftheseinfamousjournals。Itissometimescontended-

Iwillnotsaystrangely，foritisnaturaltoseekexcusesforsuchadisgrace-thattheirinfluenceisnotsogreatasavisitorwouldsuppose。Imustbepardonedforsayingthatthereisnowarrantforthisplea，andthateveryfactandcircumstancetendsdirectlytotheoppositeconclusion。

Whenanyman，ofanygradeofdesertinintellectorcharacter，canclimbtoanypublicdistinction，nomatterwhat，inAmerica，withoutfirstgrovellingdownupontheearth，andbendingthekneebeforethismonsterofdepravity；whenanyprivateexcellenceissafefromitsattacks；whenanysocialconfidenceisleftunbrokenbyit，oranytieofsocialdecencyandhonourisheldintheleastregard；whenanymaninthatfreecountryhasfreedomofopinion，andpresumestothinkforhimself，andspeakforhimself，withouthumblereferencetoacensorshipwhich，foritsrampantignoranceandbasedishonesty，heutterlyloathesanddespisesinhisheart；

whenthosewhomostacutelyfeelitsinfamyandthereproachitcastsuponthenation，andwhomostdenounceittoeachother，daretosettheirheelsupon，andcrushitopenly，inthesightofallmen:then，Iwillbelievethatitsinfluenceislessening，andmenarereturningtotheirmanlysenses。ButwhilethatPresshasitsevileyeineveryhouse，anditsblackhandineveryappointmentinthestate，fromapresidenttoapostman；while，withribaldslanderforitsonlystockintrade，itisthestandardliteratureofanenormousclass，whomustfindtheirreadinginanewspaper，ortheywillnotreadatall；solongmustitsodiumbeuponthecountry\'shead，andsolongmusttheevilitworks，beplainlyvisibleintheRepublic。

TothosewhoareaccustomedtotheleadingEnglishjournals，ortotherespectablejournalsoftheContinentofEurope；tothosewhoareaccustomedtoanythingelseinprintandpaper；itwouldbeimpossible，withoutanamountofextractforwhichIhaveneitherspacenorinclination，toconveyanadequateideaofthisfrightfulengineinAmerica。Butifanymandesireconfirmationofmystatementonthishead，lethimrepairtoanyplaceinthiscityofLondon，wherescatterednumbersofthesepublicationsaretobefound；andthere，lethimformhisownopinion。(1)

Itwouldbewell，therecanbenodoubt，fortheAmericanpeopleasawhole，iftheylovedtheRealless，andtheIdealsomewhatmore。

Itwouldbewell，ifthereweregreaterencouragementtolightnessofheartandgaiety，andawidercultivationofwhatisbeautiful，withoutbeingeminentlyanddirectlyuseful。Buthere，Ithinkthegeneralremonstrance，\'weareanewcountry，\'whichissooftenadvancedasanexcusefordefectswhicharequiteunjustifiable，asbeing，ofright，onlytheslowgrowthofanoldone，maybeveryreasonablyurged:andIyethopetohearoftherebeingsomeothernationalamusementintheUnitedStates，besidesnewspaperpolitics。

Theycertainlyarenotahumorouspeople，andtheirtemperamentalwaysimpressedmeisbeingofadullandgloomycharacter。Inshrewdnessofremark，andacertaincast-ironquaintness，theYankees，orpeopleofNewEngland，unquestionablytakethelead；astheydoinmostotherevidencesofintelligence。Butintravellingabout，outofthelargecities-asIhaveremarkedinformerpartsofthesevolumes-Iwasquiteoppressedbytheprevailingseriousnessandmelancholyairofbusiness:whichwassogeneralandunvarying，thatateverynewtownIcameto，IseemedtomeettheverysamepeoplewhomIhadleftbehindme，atthelast。Suchdefectsasareperceptibleinthenationalmanners，seem，tome，tobereferable，inagreatdegree，tothiscause:whichhasgeneratedadull，sullenpersistenceincoarseusages，andrejectedthegracesoflifeasundeservingofattention。ThereisnodoubtthatWashington，whowasalwaysmostscrupulousandexactonpointsofceremony，perceivedthetendencytowardsthismistake，eveninhistime，anddidhisutmosttocorrectit。

IcannotholdwithotherwritersonthesesubjectsthattheprevalenceofvariousformsofdissentinAmerica，isinanywayattributabletothenon-existencethereofanestablishedchurch:

indeed，Ithinkthetemperofthepeople，ifitadmittedofsuchanInstitutionbeingfoundedamongstthem，wouldleadthemtodesertit，asamatterofcourse，merelybecauseitWASestablished。But，supposingittoexist，Idoubtitsprobableefficacyinsummoningthewanderingsheeptoonegreatfold，simplybecauseoftheimmenseamountofdissentwhichprevailsathome；andbecauseIdonotfindinAmericaanyoneformofreligionwithwhichweinEurope，oreveninEngland，areunacquainted。Dissentersresortthitheringreatnumbers，asotherpeopledo，simplybecauseitisalandofresort；andgreatsettlementsofthemarefounded，becausegroundcanbepurchased，andtownsandvillagesreared，wheretherewerenoneofthehumancreationbefore。ButeventheShakersemigratedfromEngland；ourcountryisnotunknowntoMr。

JosephSmith，theapostleofMormonism，ortohisbenighteddisciples；IhavebeheldreligiousscenesmyselfinsomeofourpopuloustownswhichcanhardlybesurpassedbyanAmericancamp-

meeting；andIamnotawarethatanyinstanceofsuperstitiousimpostureontheonehand，andsuperstitiouscredulityontheother，hashaditsoriginintheUnitedStates，whichwecannotmorethanparallelbytheprecedentsofMrs。Southcote，MaryToftstherabbit-breeder，orevenMr。ThornofCanterbury:whichlattercasearose，sometimeafterthedarkageshadpassedaway。

TheRepublicanInstitutionsofAmericaundoubtedlyleadthepeopletoasserttheirself-respectandtheirequality；butatravellerisboundtobearthoseInstitutionsinhismind，andnothastilytoresentthenearapproachofaclassofstrangers，who，athome，wouldkeepaloof。Thischaracteristic，whenitwastincturedwithnofoolishpride，andstoppedshortofnohonestservice，neveroffendedme；andIveryseldom，ifever，experienceditsrudeorunbecomingdisplay。Onceortwiceitwascomicallydeveloped，asinthefollowingcase；butthiswasanamusingincident，andnottherule，ornearit。

Iwantedapairofbootsatacertaintown，forIhadnonetotravelin，butthosewiththememorablecorksoles，whichweremuchtoohotforthefierydecksofasteamboat。Ithereforesentamessagetoanartistinboots，importing，withmycompliments，thatIshouldbehappytoseehim，ifhewoulddomethepolitefavourtocall。Heverykindlyreturnedforanswer，thathewould\'lookround\'atsixo\'clockthatevening。

Iwaslyingonthesofa，withabookandawine-glass，ataboutthattime，whenthedooropened，andagentlemaninastiffcravat，withinayearortwooneithersideofthirty，entered，inhishatandgloves；walkeduptothelooking-glass；arrangedhishair；tookoffhisgloves；slowlyproducedameasurefromtheuttermostdepthsofhiscoat-pocket；andrequestedme，inalanguidtone，to\'unfix\'

mystraps。Icomplied，butlookedwithsomecuriosityathishat，whichwasstilluponhishead。Itmighthavebeenthat，oritmighthavebeentheheat-buthetookitoff。Then，hesathimselfdownonachairoppositetome；restedanarmoneachknee；

and，leaningforwardverymuch，tookfromtheground，byagreateffort，thespecimenofmetropolitanworkmanshipwhichIhadjustpulledoff:whistling，pleasantly，ashedidso。Heturneditoverandover；surveyeditwithacontemptnolanguagecanexpress；

andinquiredifIwishedhimtofixmeabootlikeTHAT？I

courteouslyreplied，thatprovidedthebootswerelargeenough，I

wouldleavetheresttohim；thatifconvenientandpracticable，I

shouldnotobjecttotheirbearingsomeresemblancetothemodelthenbeforehim；butthatIwouldbeentirelyguidedby，andwouldbegtoleavethewholesubjectto，hisjudgmentanddiscretion。

\'Youan\'tpartickler，aboutthisscoopintheheel，Isupposethen？\'sayshe:\'wedon\'tfollerthat，here。\'Irepeatedmylastobservation。Helookedathimselfintheglassagain；wentclosertoittodashagrainortwoofdustoutofthecornerofhiseye；

andsettledhiscravat。Allthistime，mylegandfootwereintheair。\'Nearlyready，sir？\'Iinquired。\'Well，prettynigh，\'hesaid；\'keepsteady。\'IkeptassteadyasIcould，bothinfootandface；andhavingbythistimegotthedustout，andfoundhispencil-case，hemeasuredme，andmadethenecessarynotes。Whenhehadfinished，hefellintohisoldattitude，andtakingupthebootagain，musedforsometime。\'Andthis，\'hesaid，atlast，\'isanEnglishboot，isit？ThisisaLondonboot，eh？\'\'That，sir，\'I

replied，\'isaLondonboot。\'Hemusedoveritagain，afterthemannerofHamletwithYorick\'sskull；noddedhishead，aswhoshouldsay，\'IpitytheInstitutionsthatledtotheproductionofthisboot!\'；rose；putuphispencil，notes，andpaper-glancingathimselfintheglass，allthetime-putonhishat-drewonhisglovesveryslowly；andfinallywalkedout。Whenhehadbeengoneaboutaminute，thedoorreopened，andhishatandhisheadreappeared。Helookedroundtheroom，andatthebootagain，whichwasstilllyingonthefloor；appearedthoughtfulforaminute；andthensaid\'Well，goodarternoon。\'\'Goodafternoon，sir，\'saidI:

andthatwastheendoftheinterview。

ThereisbutoneotherheadonwhichIwishtoofferaremark；andthathasreferencetothepublichealth。Insovastacountry，wheretherearethousandsofmillionsofacresoflandyetunsettledanduncleared，andoneveryroodofwhich，vegetabledecompositionisannuallytakingplace；wheretherearesomanygreatrivers，andsuchoppositevarietiesofclimate；therecannotfailtobeagreatamountofsicknessatcertainseasons。ButI

mayventuretosay，afterconversingwithmanymembersofthemedicalprofessioninAmerica，thatIamnotsingularintheopinionthatmuchofthediseasewhichdoesprevail，mightbeavoided，ifafewcommonprecautionswereobserved。Greatermeansofpersonalcleanliness，areindispensabletothisend；thecustomofhastilyswallowinglargequantitiesofanimalfood，threetimesa-day，andrushingbacktosedentarypursuitsaftereachmeal，mustbechanged；thegentlersexmustgomorewiselyclad，andtakemorehealthfulexercise；andinthelatterclause，themalesmustbeincludedalso。Aboveall，inpublicinstitutions，andthroughoutthewholeofeverytownandcity，thesystemofventilation，anddrainage，andremovalofimpuritiesrequirestobethoroughlyrevised。ThereisnolocalLegislatureinAmericawhichmaynotstudyMr。Chadwick\'sexcellentReportupontheSanitaryConditionofourLabouringClasses，withimmenseadvantage。

IHAVEnowarrivedatthecloseofthisbook。Ihavelittlereasontobelieve，fromcertainwarningsIhavehadsinceIreturnedtoEngland，thatitwillbetenderlyorfavourablyreceivedbytheAmericanpeople；andasIhavewrittentheTruthinrelationtothemassofthosewhoformtheirjudgmentsandexpresstheiropinions，itwillbeseenthatIhavenodesiretocourt，byanyadventitiousmeans，thepopularapplause。

Itisenoughforme，toknow，thatwhatIhavesetdowninthesepages，cannotcostmeasinglefriendontheothersideoftheAtlantic，whois，inanything，deservingofthename。Fortherest，Iputmytrust，implicitly，inthespiritinwhichtheyhavebeenconceivedandpenned；andIcanbidemytime。

Ihavemadenoreferencetomyreception，norhaveIsufferedittoinfluencemeinwhatIhavewritten；for，ineithercase，Ishouldhaveofferedbutasorryacknowledgment，comparedwiththatIbearwithinmybreast，towardsthosepartialreadersofmyformerbooks，acrosstheWater，whometmewithanopenhand，andnotwithonethatcloseduponanironmuzzle。